نکلنا خلد سے آدم کا۔۔۔
آس کی خوشبو یاس کی بد بو پرہمیشہ غالب آتی ہے
یوں محسوس ہو رہا تھا
جیسے دل میں اِ ک آگ سی لگی ہو
اور سب کچھ اس بھٹی میں جھونک رہا ہوں
اس بھٹی کو صرف آنسو ہی ٹھنڈا کر سکتے تھے
لیکن !وہ بھی لب ِ مژگاں تک آتے آتے مر گئے
کتنی مشکل سے محبت کے تارو پود سے سنہری خواب بنے تھے
مگرایک تار کے نکل جانے سے
سب خواب نیند کی وادیوں میں کہیں کھو گئے ہیں
حیف!میرے دھندلے خواب
جو میں کسی کی آنکھوں سے دیکھ رہا تھا
یوں لگتا ہے جیسے
میرا بھی شمار اُن سوختہ سروںمیں ہوتا ہے
جو بحرِ محبت میں بنا کشتی اور پتوار کے اتر گئے تھے
مجھے اپنی عادتوں پردکھ ہے
جو پھر سے خراب ہو جائیں گی
جنہیں اک عرصہ بدلنے میں لگا تھا
یہ آدم اور آدم زاد کے نصیب میں لکھا جا چکا ہے
کہ اس کا کبھی ایک ٹھکانہ ہو ہی نہیں سکتا
کبھی یہ بہشت سے نکالا جاتا ہے
کبھی اپنے گھر سے دربدر ہوتا ہے تو کبھی شہر سے
کبھی کسی کی زندگی سے توکبھی کسی کے دل سے
یزداں نے بھی انسان کے ساتھ کیاخوب کھیل کھیلا ہے
اسے فاصلوں میںالجھائے رکھتا ہے
Paper currency has remained controversial since its advent, until the majority of the modern scholars agreed that paper currency is just like gold and silver, and all the rules and provisions regarding the/of homogeneous and heterogeneous exchange of gold and silver are applicable to paper currency. This viewpoint is widely adopted by prominent modern-day international academies of Islamic Jurisprudence and the same has been preferred by the majority of contemporary scholars in their books, dissertations and scholarly articles. On the contrary, there is a different opinion of majority of the scholars in Indian sub-continent. The reason behind this was that the viewpoint of Ḥanafi school of thought about legal effective cause (᾽illat) of Ribā i.e. Weight is not found in paper currency, so the rules of Ṣarf (Exchange of gold and silver) are inapplicable. So, they opined that paper currency is like Fulūs (metal coins). Furthermore, to stop all the possible ways resulting to/in Ribā according to this opinion, they preferred the viewpoint of Imam Muhammad (R.A) regarding the metal coins and set some precautionary measures. However, the said standpoint has not been deliberated and contested in the contemporary jurisprudential research work as it deserved. This research aims to evaluate this viewpoint in detail, clarifying its roots and evidences while revealing its implications and comparing it with the view adopted by the majority of the contemporary scholars.
The experiment was carried out in a net house in the University of Peshawar Pakistan, to find out the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation along with application of various levels (0%, 25%, 50% and 100%) of rock phosphate (RP) fertilizer on growth and yield of selected sunflower hybrids (Helianthus annuus L.) in Pdeficient soil. The results revealed that AM fungi effectively promoted the productivity of sunflower hybrids and proved their role as bio-fertilizer. It was noted that dual use of AMF and low-moderate dose of rock phosphate has profound effect regarding plant height, root length, number of leaves/plant, leaf size, head diameter, seed number/ head, seeds weight/head, dry weight of plant, oil content, fatty acid content, mycorrhizal dependency, proximate and mineral composition of the sunflower as compared to control non-inoculated plants. While, at high RP level (RP3) the non mycorrhizal plants outperformed. However the response varied in different hybrids. As far as hybrid response is concerned Hysun-33 performed better in most of the measured aspects as compared to other hybrids. Proximate analysis showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in crude protein, crude fats, moisture, ash and crude fiber content in mycorrhizal plant, however carbohydrates content was reduced. Rock phosphate fertilization showed no significant effect on nitrogen (N), potassium (K) and Zinc (Zn) uptake however phosphorus (P) uptake increases with increasing RP levels in both AMF inoculated and non-inoculated plants. The findings also provided useful information on oil yield and its fatty acid profiles as affected by AMF inoculation. The present study strongly suggests that the AMF-rock phosphate combination produces better results in the enhancement of the oil content of sunflower hybrids even in P-deficient soils. It was noted that the use of AMF along with low doses of rock phosphate promote mono unsaturated (oleic acid) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid), while the use of AMF along with high doses of rock phosphate bring increase in the production of saturated fatty acids like Palmitic acid and stearic acid in sunflower seeds. It has been observed that spore density and AMF root colonization was higher in the soil of control (RP0) plants, which decreases progressively with increasing fertility level, less number of spores and percent root colonization was found at high (RP3) level in all hybrids. Higher P doses declined the sporulation and colonization. Seven AMF species were recorded. The dominant genus was Acaulospora followed by Glomus, Sclerocystis and Gigaspora. The average AMF spore densities ranged from 56-260 spores/ 100gm soil while root colonization ranged from 32-100 %. Mycorrhizal enhancement regarding AMF spore density and root colonization followed RP0>RP1>RP2>RP3 trend in all hybrids. All selected sunflower hybrids were more responsive to mycorrhizal association but degree of dependency also varies according to rock phosphate levels. This study clearly indicates the potential of using indigenous biofertilizer such as AMF for oil seed crops in low fertility soils, to achieve adequate production level with least utilization of synthetic fertilizers for sustainable agriculture practice. The use of biofertilizer is not only eco-friendly but also economical as it reduces our dependence on expensive chemical fertilizers.