عبدالمجید صاحب سالک
پنجاب میں مولانا ظفر علی خاں مرحوم کے بعد ادب و صحافت کے میدان میں سب سے ممتاز اور رنگارنگ شخصیت عبدالمجید صاحب سالک مرحوم کی تھی، وہ ادیب و شاعر بھی تھے اور صحافی و مزاح نگار بھی، ان کا مذاق بڑا ستھرا اور قلم متوازن تھا، ایک زمانہ میں ان کی ذات لاہور کی ادبی سرگرمیوں کا مرکز تھی، پنجاب کے بہت سے نوجوان ادیب و صحافی ان ہی کے دامن تربیت کے پروردہ ہیں، طبعاً بڑے باغ و بہار، سخن طراز اور بزم آرا تھے، انھوں نے علم و ادب کے ساتھ ملک و ملت کی بھی خدمت انجام دی، متعدد علمی و ادبی تصانیف ان کی یادگار ہیں، ان میں ’’مسلم ثقافت ہندوستان میں‘‘ ان کے حسن مذاق کا نمونہ ہے، ابھی تھوڑے دن ہوئے ’’ہم نہیں ہوں گے‘‘ کی ردیف و قافیہ میں ان کی ایک بڑی دلکش نظم نظر سے گذری تھی، کیا معلوم تھا کہ یہ شاعری اتنی جلد واقعہ کی شکل اختیار کرلے گی، علم و ادب کی محفلوں میں مدتوں ان کی یاد آتی رہے گی، اﷲ تعالیٰ علم و ادب کے اس خادم کو اپنی رحمت و مغفرت سے سرفراز فرمائے۔
(شاہ معین الدین ندوی،نومبر ۱۹۵۹ء)
Qara’in - usually translated as circumstantial evidence - is a derived form of Arabic word " " قر ن which literally means a fact associated or accompanied with an event or circumstances. But when an event or circumstances discloses such associated or accompanied fact then such a fact becomes circumstantial evidence. Both proto-juristic and modern legal terms held circumstantial evidence for an evidence which is offered to prove certain attendant circumstances from which the existence of the fact at issue may be inferred. In Islamic Law, majority of jurists do not endorse Qara’in as an authoritative evidence, particularly, in offences leading to corporal punishments. On the other side, Ibn Farhun from Malikites and Ibn Qayyem from Hanbalites terms it equal to the direct evidence of Iqrar and Shahadah. It is not very strange that Dr. Anwarullah, a prominent Muslim scholar and Prof. Robert Preach are of the opinion that circumstantial evidence is, after all, more authentic even than the aforesaid two evidences. Herbert Broom- a western legal expert- also says that certain hidden facts can be deducted from the mode of a relevant act or to some extent it is modus operandi which gives birth to a circumstantial evidence. In this shortened article the juristic opinion of some early and contemporary legal experts has been discussed as to judge the legal mode and authenticity of circumstantial evidence.
The development of high-quality software at lower cost has always been the main concern of the
developers as well as of the users. Eliminating the defects in software at the initial development
stage can increase quality and reduce the overall cost. Testing only those modules which are likely
to be defective are helpful for development team to manage and use resources effectively. Many
machine learning-based frameworks have been proposed for the prediction of software defects in
initial development stage however accuracy evaluation of proposed techniques on benchmark
datasets was lacked. In this research, we proposed a framework for the prediction of software
defects using ensemble learning and feature selection techniques by using WEKA. The accuracy
of the proposed model has been evaluated by using publicly available cleaned NASA datasets.
Moreover, the results have been compared with the widely used advanced classification
techniques. The Proposed framework consists of five stages. First stage is dealing with the
extraction of relevant dataset. Second stage is dealing with variants of base classifiers and
selection. The base classifiers include: ?Decision Tree (DT), K-nearest neighbor (kNN), Naive
Bayes (NB), Random forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM)?. Pre-processing and
feature selection have been done in third stage. In fourth stage, we used stacking technique to
create an ensemble of the classifier-variants, which have performed well in third stage. Fifth stage
deals with the results and performance evaluation by using different measures including:
?Precision, Recall, F-measure, Accuracy, MCC and ROC?.