شریمتی اندراگاندھی
۳۰/جنوری۱۹۴۸ء کو گاندھی جی کے دردناک حادثۂ قتل کے بعد ۳۱/ اکتوبر ۱۹۸۴ء کووزیراعظم شریمتی اندراگاندھی کااپنے ہی حفاظتی دستہ کے دوظالم و سفاک نوجوانوں کی گولیوں کی بوچھار کا شکار ہوکرہلاک ہوجانا آزادی کے بعد سے اب تک وہ دوسرا نہایت الم ناک اوردردناک حادثہ ہے جس نے ملک وقوم میں دردوکرب اورشدت غم کی لہردوڑادی ہے، حقیقت یہ ہے کہ جب اندرا گورنمنٹ نے دربار صاحب امرتسر میں فوج بھیجنے کا اقدام کیاتھا ہمارا ماتھا اسی وقت ٹھنکا تھاکہ اب خیر نہیں ہے، کیونکہ جہاں تک خالصتان کے مطالبہ کاتعلق ہے وہ ایک خالص سیاسی معاملہ تھا اوراس لیے سکھوں میں ایک طبقہ ایسابھی تھا جو خالصتان کامخالف تھا لیکن دربار صاحب میں فوج کاداخلہ خالص ایک مذہبی معاملہ تھاجس پرسب سکھ متفق ہوگئے خواہ وہ خالصتان کے حامی ہوں یا نہ ہوں۔
ایک نفسیاتی اصول ہے کہ جب مذہبی جذبات بھڑکتے ہیں توانسان دیوانہ ہوجاتا ہے اوراس وقت وہ یہ نہیں سوچتا کہ جو کچھ ہوا ہے اس میں خود اس کی کم نظری یا غفلت کودخل ہے یا نہیں۔اس کے عتاب اورغضب کانشانہ صرف وہ شخص یا جماعت ہوتی ہے جس نے اس کے مذہبی جذبات کوبھڑکایا ہے، چنانچہ وہی ہوا جس کاہمیں اندیشہ پہلے سے تھا اورملک اندراگاندھی جیسی محبوب اورہر دلعزیز شخصیت سے محروم ہوگیا۔
اندراگاندھی کی ہر دلعزیزی اوران کی قائدانہ شخصیت کا ثبوت اس سے بڑھ کرکیا ہوسکتا ہے کہ ایک مرتبہ الیکشن میں اس طرح شکست کھاجانے کے بعد کہ ان کا اوران کی پارٹی کانام ونشان مٹ گیا اورملک میں جنتا گورنمنٹ قائم ہوگئی اس وقت بھی انھوں نے ہمت نہیں ہاری، حالانکہ ان کی مختلف طریقوں سے تذلیل کی گئی اوران کی توہین میں کوئی دقیقہ فروگذاشت نہیں کیاگیا۔ وہ اپنی تقریروں میں برابر یہ کہتی رہیں کہ جنتا گورنمنٹ بھانت بھانت کے...
The research investigates the agglomeration pattern of seven national, international oil and gas extraction and production companies through an exploration of oil and gas cluster components and subcomponents. For this exploratory study, data is collected through primary sources via in-depth interviews from managers of national and international oil and gas MNCs working in Sindh, Pakistan and through secondary sources of business reports. The content analysis is adopted to analyze the data. Results of this study reveal that there is strong existence of exploration and production companies which results in agglomeration, however, other components of oil and gas cluster like refineries, marketing companies, supporting institutes, media and government poorly exist in Sindh province of Pakistan. Findings also highlight that the Sindh as a resource-rich region is still underdeveloped due to poor management of resources or because of the absence of ideal oil and gas cluster components and coordination among them in the region.
A mapping population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross between Co39 (lowland, Indica rice cultivar) and Moroberekan (upland, Japonica) was used, in two experiments to map QTLs associated with salt tolerance, particularly, ion accumulation under salinity stress by composite interval mapping (CIM). In QTL mapping study-I, plants were transplanted in compost filled pots and exposed to non saline and saline treatments (100 mol m -3 NaCl + 5 mol m -3 CaCl 2 ) in a flood bench system and data were recorded for various physiological and morphological parameters at different exposure times to salt stress. There were three replications in mapping study-I. The plants were grown only at 100 mol m -3 NaCl + 5 mol m -3 CaCl 2 salt stress in mapping study-II, with three replications. QTL mapping study-I used 32 RILs, whereas, in study-II a total of 120 RILs were evaluated for phenotypic response. The integrated genetic map of rice chromosome-1, consisting of 45 molecular markers had a distance of 201.2 cM with an average interval of 4.57 cM between markers, saturating a region that has previously been identified as a hot-spot for ion accumulation QTLs. In mapping study-II, Na + , K + concentration and K + /Na + ratio in the sap of different parts of the plant were recorded at 7 and 21 days of salt stress. A total of 38 QTLs for ion accumulation were detected in the 80 to 101 cM region of the genetic map of chromosome-1. We identified three separate regions that were active in controlling ion concentration at 21 days of salt stress, suggesting that a minimum of three different genes were acting to regulate leaf sap ion concentrations. QTLs for various physiological and morphological traits associated with salt tolerance were also detected on other chromosomes of rice. In mapping study-I, 6QTLs for Na + in expanded leaf were detected on chrom.1 (2QTLs), 2 (1QTL), 3 (1QTL) and 9 (2QTLs), whereas, 4QTLs were found on chrom.1 at 21 days salt stress in mapping study-II. Similarly, 6QTLs for K + in expanded leaf were detected on chrom.1 (1QTL), 2 (1QTL), 6 (1QTL), 7 (1QTL) and 9 (2QTLs), whereas, no QTL was identified in mapping study-II at 21 days salt stress. Regarding, K + /Na + ratio of expanded leaf 5QTLs were detected on chrom.1 (4QTLs) and 12 (1QTLs) in mapping study-I, whereas, 4QTLs were identified on chrom.1 at 21 days salt stress in mapping study-II. QTLs for these traits were also detected in other tissue types in mapping study-II. The QTLs for Na + accumulation were detected at different regions under salt stress and non stress conditions suggesting that same genes are not involved in the control of ions under salt stress and non stress conditions. Moroberekan alleles at most of the loci increase Na + and decrease K + conc. in the leaf sap under salt stress. The markers RM10710, RM8094, K061, RM3412 and RM493 are important for salt tolerance on chromosome-1 because of the presence of consistent QTLs for K + and Na + accumulation in this region. The relationship is also discussed between these QTLs and others such as Saltol, SalT, SKC-1 etc. reported by different authors. QTL for days to heading were also found under non saline conditions.