معالم السنن میں امام خطابی كا منہج و اسلوب

The status of Ma'Iim-us-Sunan is very high in explanations of Sunan Abu Dawood because it is considered first an explanation of Sunan Abu Dawood. Imam Khattabi has adopted such a fine method in it that with the literal explanation of words and description of jurisprudential commandments, he has also collected in it sayings ofSalaf-us-Saalih, Arabian proverbs, different opinions of various scholars, grammatical rules and Jarh-o-ta'deel etc. To add, he, as a specially, Ahadith and quotations ofSahabah and scholars, has made provision to describe his chain of narrators. Due to this, the book has adopted the basic primary status of Hadith knowledge. And further, because of these chains of narrators, this book has adopted the form of reference source in matters of teachers' identification of Imam Khattabi. Due to all these qualities undoubtedly the way this book was a need of scholars and researchers of every era, in the same way, scholars can never be exempted from this today.

Expression Profiling of Huanglongbing Disease in Citrus Though Molecular Techniques

Huanglongbing (HLB), also called greening, is a fatal disease of citrus. Candidatus Liberibacter, a Gram negative and non culturable bacterium, is the pathogen of huanglongbing. It becomes difficult to detect this bacterium because it is unevenly distributed in its citrus hosts.The bacteria are transmitted naturally to citrus by an insect vector called citrus psyllid. Hussain and Nath documented the occurrence of HLB and its related vector Diaphorina citri Kuwayama in Pakistan in 1927.In this study, 97 accessions of citrus germplasm were raised in greenhouse. of 97 accessions, 51 were survived. The seed of citrus germplasm was obtained from National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus and Dates, Riverside, California, USA and University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan. For HLB diagnosis in the leaf samples of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) cultivar Succari from field, conventional polymerase chain reaction technique was employed. Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) was captured from HLB positive sweet orange field trees and released on healthy plants of sweet orange and kinnow for rearing and infestation in the controlled conditions of growth room. Those plants were also tested for their HLB positivity by using 16s rDNA primers OI1/OI2c and Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus specific primer A2/J5. After confirmation of HLB, sweet orange plants infested by ACP in growth room, were usedfor the inoculation of fifty one genotypes of citrus and citrus relatives. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus was detected in 96.07% of the inoculated citrus germplasm by Taqman based real time PCR using primers set HLBasfpr.SYBR green based real time qPCR was performed to differentiate expression of genes in HLB infected and healthy leaf samples of forty five genotypes of citrus and its relatives. Seven genes, includingsulfate transferase (CsSULF), glucose-1-phosphate adenyl transferase (CsSB1), granule bound starch synthase (CsSB2), alpha amylase (CsSD1), alpha amylase 3 (CsSD2), beta amylase9 (CsSD3) and cytochrome P450 mono oxygenase 83B1(CsSUR2) were tested for expression profiling. Gene expression data analysis for relative quantity represented the down regulation ofcarbohydrate metabolism related genes (CsSB1and CsSD3) in Clausena harmandiana while transporter gene CsSULF expressed at equal level in healthy and diseased Glycosmis pentaphylla. Remaining genes did not express in both of the varieties. These two genotypes may be placed in tolerant category against HLB as the causal bacterium was not detected in them. In Tahitian and Schuab, no gene was amplified except CsSULF gene that was down regulated indicating strong root system for plant survival.