The Rise of Greek Philosophy in the Muslim World and Imam Ghazali’s Tahafat-ul-Falasafah (An Analytical Study)

Imam al-Ghazali has criticized not the logical principles but their misuse and incompetence of philosophers. In addition, Imam al-Ghazali's objective position on philosophy and science in the objectives of the philosopher is highlighted that he had no problem with mathematics and in his view the difference in logic is actually the terminology. Imam al-Ghazali's personality has been debated in various contexts in the context of religion, philosophy and science, and even today new aspects of it keep coming to the fore. The reason for this is on the one hand Imam Sahib's intricate personality and on the other hand Imam Sahib's versatility. Modern studies have made Imam al-Ghazali an enemy of philosophy and science. Along with Orientalist wisdom, modern Islamic scholars also studied Imam al-Ghazali on the methodology of Enlightenment, due to which they too came to the same conclusion that Imam al-Ghazali is the biggest obstacle in the way of philosophy and science in Islamic civilization. Following in his footsteps, our traditionalist scholars now present Imam al-Ghazali as the victorious philosopher. No, but absorbed it. In this article, we have tried to make it clear that integration is a prominent element of Ghazali's philosophy of thought. Rejection of philosophy has become the identity of Imam Ghazali while passion for philosophy is a sign of his greatness of thought. Imam Ghazali's critique of Tahafat-ul-Falasfa defines the nature and scope of this critique. The main target of Imam Sahib's criticism was the theological conclusions of Muslim philosophers which contradicted the basic tenets of Islam. In addition, Imam al-Ghazali's objective position on philosophy and science in Maqasid al-Falasfa highlights that he had no problem with mathematics and in his view the difference in logic is in fact terminology. There is truth and falsehood in physics. We have to think about it. Yes, there is a lot of falsehood in theology. Imam al-Ghazali is the guarantor of the life of philosophy in theology. This article examines in detail the nature of the relationship between Imam al-Ghazali and philosophy, and how philosophy has influenced Imam Sahib's overall thought. The influence of philosophy on his theology, ethics, theology and principles of jurisprudence has been highlighted. At the same time, the effects of Imam Ghazali on philosophers and philosophers on Imam Ghazali are also presented with examples.

Prediction of Effective Thermal Conductivity of Fluid Saturated Porous Media: in Situ Thermo Physical Measurements

The density related properties of igneous (dunite and gabbro) and sedimentary (limestone) rocks are measured at room temperature and normal pressure, using ASTM Standards. Dunite samples are taken from Chillas near Gilgit and gabbro samples from Warsik near Peshawar, both of these places are located in north of Pakistan. The limestones are taken from Nammal Gorge sections, Western Salt Range, Pakistan. The thermal properties are determined using the well known transient plane source (TPS) technique. The thermal parameters of dunite are measured in temperature range from 83K to 483K, using air as saturant in pore spaces. The thermal properties of gabbro samples are reported using air as well as water as saturants in pore spaces at room temperature where as the thermal properties of limestones are measured in temperature range from 293K to 443K. All of the measurements on thermal parameters are carried out at normal pressure. Precise measurements on thermal conductivity are difficult to conduct and are very time consuming. Consequently, a lot of work is done on the prediction of effective thermal conductivity of porous media. To become a part of these efforts, an empirical model is proposed, as given below: 1 λ e = 1 λ s + mΦ λ f Where λ e is the effective thermal conductivity, λ f is the thermal conductivity of fluid in pore spaces, λ s is the thermal conductivity of solid phase, Φ is the fractional porosity and m is the empirical coefficient whose value can be determined by the method of least squares. The results of this proposal are compared with the existing models and the corresponding improvements are reported.⎛ 1 ⎞ Using the concept that thermal resistivity ⎜ ⎟ is a linear function of temperature, the ⎝ λ ⎠ above model is then extended to involve the effect of temperature, given as: 1 λ e = 1 λ s + mΦ ⎛ T ⎜ λ f ⎜ ⎝ T o ⎞ ⎟ ⎟ , ⎠ where T o is certain reference temperature. An exponential decay trial is also given for the prediction of effective thermal conductivity of porous media under ambient conditions, as: λ e = λ s e − zΦ λ s λ f , where z is the empirical coefficient. This formula is tested on gabbro samples with air and water as fluids in pore spaces. The results of this relation are again compared with the results obtained from the existing models and the corresponding variations are discussed.