4 Challenge and Response A Case Study of Benazir Bhutto’s Twin Prime Ministerships

Benazir Bhutto happened to be the first constitutionally chosen female leader of any Muslim country in Modern times. She ascended to office amid the legacy of General Zia-ul-Haq’s regime and civil-military bureaucracy that prompted diverse deterrence for her governments and abstained her from the application of her constitutional power. The essence of challenges was mostly political, but the grounds that created these abysses were political and gender partiality. Based on the above discourse, this article attempts to underline the torments confronted by Benazir being the new chapter in our political society. This is the empirical account of Benazir’s twin governments grounded on the views of important politicians who sight and accompanied her in her journey of power. To ponder the reasons that refrained Benazir from having true legal authority the study is divided into the following parts: (1) Challenge and response encountered by Benazir in the first tenure of her Prime Ministership (1988-90), (2) Challenge and response encountered by Benazir in the second tenure of her Prime Ministership (1993-1996). The PPP government had made some new political strides in general, but it was persistently controlled by the army. In the first government, the brass leadership and opposition and in later government civil-military bureaucracy and opposition impaired the democratic traditions. However, amid all this Benazir succeeded to do some pragmatic politics and defying the anti-PPP mindset.

Analysis of Heavy Metals Concentration in Fishes Sperata Sarwari, Labeo Calbasu and Cyprins Carpio of Ts Link Canal from River Chanab to Head Sidhnai

Heavy metalsviz Pb (Lead), Fe (Iron), Cr (Chromium), Cd (Cadmium), Cu (Copper) and Ni (Nickel) were analysed in the three highly consumed fish S. sarwari, L. calbasu, C. carpio at T.S link canal (comes from Trimmu Head works to Sidhnai Head works, feed by River Chanab) . The water of the River Chanab is polluted due to industrial revolution around it which affects aquatic life. Due to the release of unprocessed waste water into the Chanab River by the districts and industries settled along the River Chanab consequent the pollution in rivers water and also affect its aquatic life. The results revealed that the temperature was 17.31?0.26 in winter and 23.26?0.71 in summer season. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) was 3.14?0.41 in winter and 4.82?0.65 in summer. The pH value in winter was 6.42?0.04 and 7.81?0.02 in summer Carbon Dioxide (CO2) level was low in winter and high in summer.BOD and DO are contrary to each other.Further, heavy metals concentration in water were in order of Fe>Cr>Pb>Cd>Ni>Cu and Fe>Cr>Pb>Cd>Ni>Cu in bank and main stream water in winter and summer seasons respectively. Heavy metals trend in sediments was Fe>Pb>Cr>Cd>Ni>Cu and Fe>Pb>Cr>Cd>Ni>Cu in bank and main stream in winter and summer season respectively. The accumulation trend of heavy metals in fish?s organs was (S. sarwari ) Gills> Liver> Kidneys> Muscles and fish L.calbasu has accumulation trend Liver> Gills> Kidneys> Muscles, whilethe fish C.carpio accumulation trend was Liver> Gills> Kidneys> Muscles during summer season. The accumulation trend in fish organs is slightly different in both seasons.