The Aims of the Prophetic Hijrah and its Teaching and Guidance

The aim of Hijrah is not to run away from problem that occurred in the process of giving da'wah, but rather to establish the resolve in solving the problem. Hijrah as a movement carried out by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and his companions from Makkah to Madinah, aimed to keep, maintain and uphold the message of Allah, in the form of Islamic aqeedah and shari’a, in order to achieve the mercy and pleasure of Allah SWT. This move, as we can see in the seerah, later brought a great impact to the success of the Islamic da’wah which was increasingly evolving. Hence the fundamental problem that has led to the migration has been solved. In fact, the Hijrah brought a significant impact not just to the Islamic world but also to world civilisation. The story and background of the migration of Rasulullah (PBUH) from Makkah to Madinah is touched in this writing to show that there were a lot of lessons and guidance that can be inferred. It did not merely signify a final destination for Makkah Muslims, but was also the beginning of a continuous effort to establish a strong and resilient ummah. The event of Hijrah in fact had changed the world after that forever. It highlighted the perseverance of the Rasulullah (PBUH) and the early Muslims through the difficult times. Hijrah demonstrates that for people with faith, there is hope for ease after difficulties. There was also a great unity model among Muslims of different backgrounds. The Hijrah had also marked the beginning of the Islamic State under the leadership of Rasulullah (PBUH) which then became a reference for all state governance everywhere in the future

Nitrogen Mineralization under Deficit Irrigation and its Impact on No3 Leaching and Soil Health Indicators under Wheat Crop

Field application of dairy manure is supposed to alter rates of nitrogen mineralization in to nitrate nitrogen in soils but quantitative information regarding its rate of release under deficit irrigation is difficult to assess under filed conditions. To address this issue of great concern field and laboratory studies were conducted to assess its rate of release under field conditions and in lysimeter under controlled conditions. Incubation study was performed to assess nitrogen mineralization into nitrate and ammonium form under different levels of moisture (50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100% of FC). A lysimeter trial was conducted using optimized levels of deficit irrigation (I0.6 and I0.8) and full irrigation (I1.0) along with four levels of dairy manure (10, 15, 20 and 25 Mg ha-1) to assess best combinations of manure and deficit irrigation. Solution samplers already installed at 30, 60, 90 and 120 cm depths in lysimeter were used for leachate collection. Two year field study was conducted using best combinations of deficit irrigation and dairy manure (I0.6DM20, I0.6DM25, I0.8DM20, I0.8DM25) along with three levels of nitrogen fertilizer (80, 100 and 120 kg ha-1). Soil sampling was done before sowing and after crop harvest for the analysis of mineralized nitrogen (NO3 and NH4), soil chemical and biological indicators like soil organic carbon, pH, total N, available P and K. Soil physical health indicators viz. bulk density (BD), total soil porosity (TSP), infiltration rate (IR), soil strength (SS) and hydraulic conductivity (HC) were determined. Manure application at 25 Mg ha-1 increased the yield of wheat by 35% under lysimeter. Manure showed additional advantage on soil health indicators, i.e. higher SOC contents, IR, HC and TSP and decreased BD and SS. Application of dairy manure at the rate of 25 Mg ha-1 under deficit irrigation (I0.8) resulted in grain yield equivalent to that under 100% FC and improved soil physical health. Application of high rates of dairy manure resulted in more nitrate leaching at 120 cm under full irrigation, while under deficit irrigation leaching occurred above critical limit only up to 60 cm soil depth. Results concluded that deficit irrigation level I0.8 has shown best results with DM25 and N120 on wheat crop yield and soil health indicators with minimum nitrate nitrogen leaching losses.