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Comparative Assessment of Selected Metals, Polyphenols and Antioxidant Potential of Various Types of Honey

Thesis Info

Author

Adnan Khan

Supervisor

Syed Munir Hussain Shah

Department

Deparment of Chemistry, QAU

Program

Mphil

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

xii, 55

Subject

Chemistry

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/ M. Phil/ CHE/ 1519

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676715129518

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ساتواں باب: فرقے

قدیم فرقے

باب ہفتم کے اہم نکات

  1. یہودی فرقوں کا تعارف و ابتدا۔
  2. یہودی فرقوں کے عقائد۔
  3. یہودی فرقوں کی کتب مقدسہ۔
  4. یہودی فرقوں کا تقابل۔
  5. یہودی فرقوں کا نظریہ اسرائیل۔
  6. یہودی اداروں کا تعارف۔
  7.  عصر حاضر میں یہودیت کا ارتقا۔
یہودیت میں تاریخ کو بنیادی حیثیت حاصل ہے تاہم جس بے کسی کی زندگی یہودیوں کا مقدر رہی ہے اس سے ان کی تاریخ کا ہر گوشہ متاثر ہوا ہے۔ یہودی فرقوں کی تاریخ کو بھی اس ضمن میں استثنا حاصل نہیں ہے۔ نیز فرقوں کی تقسیم کے بیان کرنے میں بھی یہودی مؤرخین منفرد مزاج کے حامل ہیں، مثلاً پرانے وقتوں میں بارہ یہودی قبائلشمالی اور جنوبی ریاستوں میں بٹ گئے تھے۔ شمالی ریاست میں بتوں کی عبادت کو رواج دیا جانے لگا تھا۔ اول سلاطین میں اس حوالے سے آیا ہے:

۔۔۔ یُربعام نے سو نے کے دو بچھڑے بنوائے۔ بادشاہ یربعام نے لوگوں سے کہا، 'تمہیں یروشلم کو عبادت کے لئے نہیں جانا چاہیے اے اسرائیلیو! یہی سب دیوتا ہیں جو تمہیں مصر سے باہر لائے۔ بادشاہ یُر بعام نے ایک سونے کا بچھڑا بیت ایل میں رکھا۔ اس نے دوسرا سونے کا بچھڑا شہر دان میں رکھا لیکن یہ گناہ عظیم تھا۔ بنی اسرائیلیوں نے بیت ایل اور دان کے شہروں میں بچھڑوں کی پرستش کر نے کے لئے سفر کیے لیکن یہ بہت بڑا گناہ تھا۔[1]

 شمالی ریاست نے نہ صرف ایک خدا پر یقین کے عقیدے کو بدل ڈالا اور دو بچھڑوں کو معبود بنا لیا۔ ان واقعات کو ایک نئے فرقے کی شروعات کے طور پر دیکھا جا سکتا ہے اس کے برعکس یہودی محققین نہ صرف ان عوامل کو بلکہ موسیؑ، داؤدؑ...

محدثين كے ہاں قراء ثلاثہ كا مقام و مرتبہ اور علم حديث ميں ان كى خدمات

Allah Himself has taken the responsibility to protect the Holy Quran and the Hadith of the Holy Prophet. He Himself has provided the sources of their protection. One of the means of the protection that was the creation of such a group of the Qura who not only served the Holy Quran but also provided worth mentioning services in Ahadith of the Holy Prophet. But their services are hidden from us. By Qura the researcher means those Qura whose recitation styles and narrations are studied and taught in the different quarters of the world who are known as Qura Saba & Ashra (سبعہ وعشرہ). They are ten imams each with two Ravi’s. They are thirty Qura in total. I have selected only last three Imam & their two narrators in this Article. These Qurra are known as Qurra Thlathah (قراء ثلاثہ).  The services of these imams have been highlighted in the light of the following eleven Ahadith books. Sihah:   Sahih Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Sahih Ibn-e-Habban, Sahih Ibn-e-Khuzeema. Sunan: Sunan Abu Dawud, Sunan al-Tirmidhi, Sunan al-Nasai, Sunan Ibn Majah, and Sunan al-Kubra. Masaneed: Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Musnad Abu Ya`la al-Mawsili. How many people have reported them and what is the standard of the weakness and soundness of those narrators have also been discussed in this article. Besides these books of Ahadith, these Ahadith have been searched in other books of Ahadith also. The status of these Qura has been explained in the light of the commentary of Muhadithin. Whether Ahadith critics have declared them thiqa or weak or have declared them as average sadooq. The most important thing is that there is no one weak reporter in these imam qura. Two out of three imam qura are ranked as thiqa and one sadooq. And among the narrators of these qura one is thiqa, one sadooq, and nobody are weak reporters. There is silence about the remaining four reporters of these qura. The reason is that there is no hadith reported from them. Because of all this their religious and scholarly authenticity could be determined. The narrations of these thalathah (ثلاثہ) Qura are confined to reporting the Holy Quran but they have also reported about every part of fiqh and they have been utilized and refered to  

Conventional and Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Trisubstituted-1, 2, 4-Triazoles and Their Structure-Activity Relationship Studies

The chemistry of life has been extensively and effectively elaborated by organic chemists. No doubt, all the fields of science are struggling for the benefit of human beings and the chemists are well known in this regard. The organic or medicinal chemists are the main worker of improving the health. A number of compounds have been synthesized in search of new drug candidates by the orgnic chemists and also they have been successful up to much extent in this regard. The importance of this process can be realized from the increasing inactivity of the running drugs against different diseases. Hence the synthesis of new molecules in search of new drug candidates against different diseases is an ever green process. This was the motivating aspect of the literature survey of synthetic chemistry which encouraged us to design new molecules and evaluate their biological potential. The bioactivity potential of some heterocyclic moieties (as discussed in introduction and review of literature) prompted has to design such type of molecules which bear more than one heterocyclic moieties. These considered heterocyclic moieties included piperidine and 1,2,4-triazole. The aim of submerging different heterocyclic functionalities into one core was to boost up their bioactivity potential. Furthermore, the variation in some part of final molecules was also processed in order to acquire new potent drug candidates. The pharmacological evaluation included enzyme inhibition, antioxidant activity and bovine serum albumin (BSA) binding analysis. The enzyme inhibition results were further substantiated through molecular docking analysis. The presented research work has been distributed into eight solid schemes for the synthesis of ninety six compounds. Ethyl isonipecotate (2) was treated with 4methoxybenzene sulfonyl chloride (1) in 5% sodium carbonate at pH of 9-10 to get ethyl-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]piperidine-4-carboxylate (3). Compound 3 and hydrazine monohydrate were refluxed in methanol to acquire 1-[(4methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]piperidine-4-carbohydrazide (4). Compound 4 was refluxed with phenyl isothiocyanate in methanol to acquire an intermediate compound (2-({1[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-4-piperidinyl}carbonyl)-N-phenyl-1-hydrazinecarbothio amide) which was refluxed in basic medium to get 5-{1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]4-piperidinyl}-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (5). Compound 5 was stirred with xiii different aralkyl halides (6a-j) in the presence of NaH and DMF using conventional and microwave assisted methods. 3-Aralkylthio-5-{1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-4piperidinyl}-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (7a-j) were obtained through filtration from aqueous medium. The compound 5 was treated with equimolar N-substituted-2bromoacetamides (10a-t) to acquire N-alkyl/aralkyl/aryl/phenyl-2-[(5-{1-[(4methoxyphenyl) sulfonyl]-4-piperidinyl}-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)sulfanyl] acetamide (11a-t). The electrophiles, 10a-t, were synthesized by the reaction of alkyl/aralkyl/aryl/phenyl amines (8a-t) and bromoacetyl bromide (9) in 5% sodium carbonate solution. The compound 5 was treated with equimolar N-substituted-2bromopropanamides (13a-r) to acquire N-alkyl/aralkyl/aryl/phenyl-2-[(5-{1-[(4methoxyphenyl) sulfonyl]-4-piperidinyl}-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)sulfanyl] propanamide (14a-r). The electrophiles, 13a-r, were synthesized by the reaction of alkyl/aralkyl/aryl/phenyl amines (8a-i, k, m-t) and 2-bromopropionyl bromide (12) in 5% sodium carbonate solution. Compound 4 was refluxed with methyl isothiocyanate in methanol to acquire an intermediate compound (2-({1-[(4-methoxyphenyl) sulfonyl]-4-piperidinyl}carbonyl)-N-methyl-1-hydrazinecarbothioamide) which was refluxed in basic medium to get 5-{1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-4-piperidinyl}-4methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (15). Compound 15 was stirred with different aralkyl halides (6a-j) in the presence of NaH and DMF using conventional and microwave assisted methods. 3-Aralkylthio-5-{1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-4-piperidinyl}-4methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (16a-j) were obtained through filtration from aqueous medium. The compound 15 was treated with equimolar N-substituted-2bromoacetamides (10a-t) to acquire N-alkyl/aralkyl/aryl/phenyl-2-[(5-{1-[(4methoxyphenyl) sulfonyl]-4-piperidinyl}-4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)sulfanyl] acetamide (17a-t). The compound 15 was treated with equimolar N-substituted-2bromopropanamides (13a-r) to acquire N-alkyl/aralkyl/aryl/phenyl-2-[(5-{1-[(4methoxyphenyl) sulfonyl]-4-piperidinyl}-4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)sulfanyl] propanamide (18a-r). The synthesized compounds were initially verified through TLC and stored for further analysis. The synthesized compounds were spectroscopically characterized by using IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HMQC, HMBC, COSY, NOESY and EIMS spectral information to justify the available main functional groups, hydrogen atoms, carbon atoms and the fragmentation pattern of the structures of synthesized compounds. xiv The synthesized compounds were screened for enzyme inhibition activity against six different enzymes and also for antioxidant activity. The different six enzymes included acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), butyryl cholinesterase (BChE), αglucosidase, urease, lipoxygenase and carbonic anhydrase II enzyme. Almost all the compounds were found to be excellent active agents against these enzymes. Antioxidant activityof all the synthesized molecules wasalso tested in search of some unique drug candidates. The chemistry of active sites and different functionalities responsible for the best pharmacological potential of all the synthesized compounds was verified through docking studies. In addition to it, the evaluation of protein drug interaction assisted us in understanding the various binding sites and binding constant to justify the stay of the drugs in the body, their circulation, metabolism, elimination and pharmacodynamics. The sketched compounds in the eight schemes were synthesized efficiently with high yield and purity through environment friendly protocol with minimum cost and time. The time of synthesis and the yield were compared for two modes of synthetic methods including conventional and microwave assisted ones. The following synthetic as well as biological screening studies resulted into the identification of a numberof compoundsbeing active against the considered enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for different kind of diseases and so the bioactive potent compounds may be considered as new drug candidates for the concerned diseases.