پنڈت برجموہن دتاتریہ کیفی ؔ
پچھلے دنوں یہ خبر ہندوپاک کے ادبی حلقوں میں انتہائی حزن وملال کے ساتھ سنی گئی کہ اردو زبان کے نامور ادیب ومحقق پنڈت برجموہن دتاتریہ کیفی ؔ اپنے وطن غازی آباد میں ۹۱ سال کی عمر میں انتقال کرگئے۔آپ قبل از تقسیم انجمن ترقی اردو حیدرآباد ثم دہلی کے روح ورواں اور مولوی عبدالحق کے دستِ راست تھے۔ جتنے بڑے شگفتہ نگار، ادیب اورصاحبِ قلم تھے اتنے ہی بلند پایہ زبان و ادب کے محقق ومبصر تھے۔جو کچھ لکھتے تھے کافی غوروفکر اورمطالعہ کے بعد بڑے رکھ رکھاؤ کے ساتھ لکھتے تھے۔انجمن ترقی اردو کے سہ ماہی رسالہ’’ اردو‘‘ میں اور ہفتہ وار اخبار ’’ہماری زبان‘‘ میں پنڈت جی کے مقالات بڑی دلچسپی کے ساتھ پڑھے جاتے تھے۔ان کی تصانیف میں ’’منشورات‘‘ اور’’کیفیہ‘‘ خاص طور پر بہت اہم کتابیں ہیں۔جن میں زبان و ادب کے مختلف مباحث پر بڑی محققانہ اور بصیرت افروز گفتگو کی گئی ہے اور بعض بڑے اہم نکات بیان کیے گئے ہیں۔
اردو کے ساتھ ان کو محبت نہیں عشق تھا اس کے لیے وہ بڑی سے بڑی قربانی کرنا اپنا فرض جانتے تھے۔ تقسیم کے بعد اس ملک میں اردو کی بے کسی دیکھ دیکھ کرانھیں بڑا ملال ہوتا تھا۔تاہم اس کے مستقبل کی طرف سے وہ مایوس نہیں تھے اوران کویقین تھاکہ جس طرح ہردرخت اپنی زمین میں ہی پھلتا پھولتا اور بڑھتا ہے۔ اسی طرح اردوزبان اس دیس کی زبان ہے وہ یہاں جتنی ترقی کرسکتی ہے کسی دوسرے ملک میں نہیں کرسکتی ۔اترپردیش میں اردو کوعلاقائی زبان بنانے کی تحریک کے سلسلہ میں جو دستخطی مہم ہوئی تھی۔کیفیؔ صاحب نے اس میں عملاً بڑی سرگرمی سے حصّہ لیا ۔پیہم علالت، امتدادِسن اورضعف کے باوجود وہ اردو کاکام کرنے سے کبھی نہیں تھکتے اوراُکتاتے تھے ۔
یوں بھی بحیثیت انسان کے بڑی خوبیوں کے...
Both Zainuddin Ibn Nujaim (d. 970HJ) and Herbert Broom (d. 1882CE) are famous for the arrangement, interpretations and for sound applications of juristico-legal maxims and rules respectively in Muslim and western world of law and jurisprudence. The al-Ashbah wa-Al-Nazair of Ibn Nujaim and Broom’s Legal Maxims of Herbert Broom speak of their deep approach to the concerned discipline. This article provides a general analysis of the juristico-legal interpretations regarding the elementary maxim of hardship and injuria remedium (hardship and harm remission) as made by Ibn Nujaim (d.970HJ) and Herbert Broom(d.1882CE) in their aforesaid books.
This study is set out to investigate Pb-free weak ferroelectric pure and Li-doped AgNbO3, AgTaO3 and Ag(Nb0.5Ta0.5)O3 ceramics. The basic aim was two-pronged; (i) to synthesize all compositions, particularly AgTaO3 and the ones Ta-rich (as these compositions are very difficult to fabricate), via solid state reaction route and optimize the processing parameters, and (ii) to investigate the effect of Li-substitution on the crystal structure, microstructure and electrical properties of these systems. Thermogravimetric (TG) and Differential Thermogravimetric Analyses (DTA), high resolution synchrotron X-ray, Neutron Diffraction, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Raman Spectroscopy were used to characterize the samples. Inductance Capacitance Resistance (LCR) meter was used to measure dielectric properties. The first set in the solid solution series (LixAg1-x)NbO3 (x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.10) was characterized by Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction (S XRD), Neutron Powder Diffraction (NPD) and Raman spectroscopy. Rietveld refinements against both the S-XRD and NPD spectra revealed that pure AgNbO3 crystalized in orthorhombic structure (Pmc21) with a unit cell √2ap× √2ap×4ap (where ap is the fundamental perovskite lattice parameter). The sample with x = 0.10 has rhombohedral (?3?) symmetry with a √2?? × √2?? × √12?? unit cell.The composition induced orthorhombic - rhombohedral phase transition started at x ~ 0.05 and completed by x ~ 0.07. Both phases coexisted in the region with 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.07. The Raman spectra were consistent with the S-XRD and NPD data thereby confirming the onset of the structural phase transition in the 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.07 composition range. Temperature dependent dielectric measurements revealed enhancement in ferroelectric rhombohedral distortion with increasing Li-concentration resulting increase in the polarization of the solid solutions. Temperature dependent S-XRD measurements of AgNbO3 revealed the phase transition sequence to be: ???21 ~67 °C ↔???? ~357 °C ↔???? ~377 °C ↔?4/??? ~607 °C ↔??3 ̅?. The second system investigated in the present study was (LixAg1-x)TaO3 for x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.05. Phase purification was checked using instrumental X-ray diffractometer (XRD). These samples were also characterized by S-XRD, NPD and Raman spectroscopy. Rietveld refinements against both the S-XRD and NPD data showed that pure AgTaO3 crystalized in rhombohedral structure with space group R3c, √2?? × √2?? × √12?? (where ap is the fundamental perovskite lattice parameter). No significant changes were observed in S-XRD and NDP as a function of increasing lithium content. The sole significant phenomenon observed was peak shifting towards higher angles, indicative of a decrease in volume with smaller lithium induction for silver cations. Temperature dependent Raman spectroscopy indicated that below room temperature, Li doping induced a structural phase transition in AgTaO3. Temperature dependent dielectric measurements indicated increase in dielectric constant with increasing Li concentration. The temperature dependence of the structure of the two end members, AgTaO3 and (Li0.05Ag0.95)TaO3, was studied using in-situ Synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction methods. This work found no evidence for the presence of a monoclinic phase. Instead, four phases have been identified, namely ?3? ~390 °C ↔???? ~465 °C ↔?4/??? ~580 °C ↔??3 ̅?. The co-existence of the rhombohedral and orthorhombic phases around 380 – 400 °C indicated that the transition was of first order and gave rise to the observed unusual peak shapes in the diffraction patterns. The phase transition sequence for (Li0.05Ag0.95)TaO3 is similar to the one in pure AgTaO3 and is given as ?3? 480 °? ↔ ???? 510 °? ↔ ?4/??? 560 °? ↔ ??3 ̅?. In the third phase, solid solutions of Ag(NbxTa1-x)O3 for x = 0.72, 0.73, 0.74, 0.75, 0.76 and 0.77 samples were studied. Phase purity was checked using XRD. SEM (equipped with EDX system) was used to check the microstructure and elemental composition of the samples. SEM micrographs showed reasonably dense microstructure with grains of size 2-5 μm. These samples were also characterized by S-XRD and Raman spectroscopy. Rietveld refinements against the S-XRD data showed that Ag(NbxTa1-x)O3 (for all x values) crystalized in orthorhombic, Pbcm, structure with√2?? × √2?? × 4?? parameters (where ap is the fundamental perovskite lattice parameter). No significant changes were observed in S-XRD with increasing tantalum contents. Raman spectroscopy exhibited some spectral changes with varying temperature. Both XRD and Raman results were compared with those of pure AgNbO3 to see structural changes as a consequence of replacement of Nb+5 with Ta+5.