Why I left and why I want to leave: A Phenomenological Perspective of Asian Employees Turnover

The current research was conducted to explore the possible causes of actual employee turnover and turnover intentions. Using Post positivism research philosophy, phenomenological qualitative research method was used to explore the phenomena. Semi-structured interviews of 21 bank employees (selected using purposive sampling) were conducted which were analyzed using NVivo 12. The research findings suggest many uniques themes in order to overcome the problem of employee turnover, especially for banks. The themes which were developed consisted of five significant themes such as the bank appraisals and reward system was identified as biased and based more on favoritism, employee feel that their actual performance is not evaluated properly and sincerely. The other factor concluded by the research findings is that the employees are dissatisfied with the salary and benefits, as they felt that there should a consistent effort to identify employee personal needs which should be customized accordingly in their compensation plans as well. The very essential factor recognized in the research finding was the upward and downward communication gaps with the employees. Such perceptions generated related issues as the employees felt that branches are much deprived to have a direct communication channel with the top team heads. The other very essential factor discovered after the investigation of the phenomena of turnover is lack of career growth. Lastly, another important cause of employee turnover was the transfers, which took place without the consent of the employee. Employees felt demotivated due to such transfers and changes in their work locations. Recommendations and future research directions have been at the end of the research

Effect of Nitrogen and Water Stress Interaction on Growth, Rooting Pattern, Yield, and Fibre Quality of Cotton Gossypium Hirsutum L.

In numerous studies conducted during last four decades, information on changes in morphological and physiological responses of cotton plant grown on alkaline calcareous soils under various nitrogen levels and moisture stresses at different growth stages was lacking. This study was executed to test the hypothesis whether moisture stress at certain growth stages of cotton may help to save irrigation water and nitrogen in certain genotypes without significant yield and fibre quality losses as compared to well water application coupled with higher levels of nitrogen. The objectives were also to investigate the impact of nitrogen and moisture stress interaction on plant growth, rooting pattern, dry matter partitioning, seed cotton yield, and fibre quality of cotton. Field and a glasshouse experiments were conducted (2008-12) at Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad. In field experiments RCBD split-split plot design was used. Factors were: Genotypes (V), moisture stresses (I), and nitrogen (N). Genotypes (main plots) with three treatments were; V1 = NIAB-846, V2 = NIAB-824, and V3 = CIM-496; I (split plot) treatments were; I1 = local control (LC), eight irrigations as recommended locally, I2 = moisture stress at inter-node elongation stage (MSI), I3 = moisture stress at vegetative growth stage (MSV), and I4 = moisture stress at inter-node elongation and vegetative growth stage (MSI + MSV); and N levels (split-split plots) were; N1 = 50 kg ha-1, N2 = 100 kg ha-1, N3 = 150 kg ha-1. In glasshouse experiment CRD design was used with genotypes, moisture stress, and nitrogen factors: moisture stress treatments were; S1 = control, (water application (50% ASMDL); S2 = moisture stress at inter-node elongation stage (80% ASMDL, (MSI); S3 = moisture stress at vegetative growth stage at 80% ASMDL, (MSV); S4 = moisture stress at inter-node elongation and vegetative growth stage at 80% ASMDL, (MSI+MSV); nitrogen levels; N1 = 25 mg kg-1 of soil, N2 = 50 mg kg-1 of soil, and N3 = 75 mg kg-1 of soil, and genotypes were; V1 = NIAB-846, and V2 = CIM-496. Agronomic, physiological, growth, and fibre quality traits of cotton were significantly affected by interaction effects. During 2008, highest seed cotton yield (SCY) of 5709 kg ha-1 was achieved by I3 × N3 × V2 treatment, followed by 5634 kg ha-1 SCY by I1 × N1 × V2. In NIAB-846, highest SCY (5469 kg ha-1) was obtained by I1 × N3 × V1 treatment and 4843 kg ha-1 SCY in I3 × N2 × V1 treatment. In CIM-496, highest SCY of 5296 kg ha-1 was achieved in I2 × N2 × V3 treatment. During 2009, NIAB-846 gave greater SCY of 4871 kg ha-1 by I3 × N3 × V1 followed by 4798 kg ha-1 by I1 × N1 × V1 treatment. NIAB-824 produced highest SCY, 4853 kg ha-1, by I3 × N1 × V2. In CIM-496 highest SCY was obtained by I1 × N3 × V3 and I3 × N2 × V3 treatments. In glass-house experiment, highest SCY plant-1 by S2 × N1 × V1 and S3 × N1 × V1 was obtained as 118 and 115 g plant-1. Economic analysis of interaction effects indicate maximum net benefit and benefit cost ratios in; NIAB-846 that may save 66% N and 12.5% irrigation water, NIAB-824 can save 12.5% irrigation water with 150 kg N ha-1, and CIM-496 may save 33% N and 12.5% irrigation water as compared to the traditionally recommended N and irrigation amounts for cotton production in Pakistan.