چار پہیے اور گھر
یہ چار پہیوں پہ گھو منے والے
پورا گھر اٹھائے پھرتے ہیں
جو خود پہ فخر کرنے والوں کے ضمیروں کی طرح ساکت ہیں
یہ گیراج میںمو جو د نہ ہوںتو اُنہیں گھر ،گھر نہیں لگتا
ان کے دل بھی خالی گیراج ہیں
جن میں جذبات نہیں
ان کے اجڑے مکانوں کی چھتوں کے ساتھ
نفرت کے جالیلٹکتے ہیں
جن میں یاس و حسرت کی مکڑیاںر قص کناں ہیں
Globalization is slowly changing life and traditions of many people over the World, dramatically seeking changes in the traditional relationship between the community and people, creating a new sensibility and creativity in relationships between social groups. These changes necessarily require a new social and political model of organization for community, reorganizing and changing the nature of relationship between states. Effort to protect identity of people usually convey in the form of the fear of the subservient economic, cultural and political position in the process of globalization. This fear frequently produces powerful vibrations indicating the need of integration of social groups with the same or similar cultural identity, what opens up a new dimension of the internal political crisis between government and society. This crisis will produce particularly dramatic changes in Islamic world generating a powerful conflict between state and society in Islamic world, with unpredictable development of relations between Islam and West.
Climate change is one of the serious threats to food security throughout the world especially in arid and semi-arid regions, affecting agricultural productivity. Rapid changes in global climate such as alteration in rain fall pattern and increase in temperature lead to severe drought stress that limits the crop production by reducing photosynthetic rate and suppressing plant growth. Endophytic bacteria containing carbonic anhydrase may improve plant growth and elicit tolerance under water deficit stress by enhancing the photosynthesis in plants. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) catalyzes the reversible conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide into bicarbonate, first substrate of photosynthesis in C3 and C4 plants. Therefore, present study was conducted to assess the potential of drought tolerant CA containing endophytic bacteria for improving photosynthesis and plant biomass of cereals under different moisture regimes. One hundred and fifty bacterial isolates were isolated form two cereals (wheat and maize) and tested for their ability to tolerate PEG-induced water deficit conditions. Fifty isolates exhibiting higher drought tolerance from each crop were further analyzed for CA activity. Ten drought tolerant isolates with higher CA activity were further assessed for growth promotion in wheat (C3) and maize (C4) plants. Isolates WR2, WS11 and WL19 showed higher photosynthetic rate and plant growth in both wheat cultivars; however, increase was more for Uqab-2000 than Fsd-2008 under PEG- induced water deficit conditions. Moreover, isolates MR17, MS1 and MG9 gave significant increase in photosynthesis and plant growth in both maize hybrids, especially for H2 hybrid under PEG-mediated water stress. Selected isolates from both crops were labeled with Gus and tested for plant growth promotion as well as colonization efficiency in wheat and maize under water deficit stress. Inoculation of selected isolates showed significant results for photosynthesis, growth and colonization efficiency of wheat and maize under well watered (100% FC) and stressed (70 and 40%) conditions especially for Uqab-2000 and H2. In the same ways, isolates WR2, WS11 and WL19 gave significant results for growth, physiology and yield of wheat under field condition where water deficit stress was induced by skipping irrigation at tillering, flowering and grain filling stage. On the other hand, inoculation with isolates MR17, MS1 and MG9 improved growth under normal and stressed conditions which were induced by withholding irrigation at vegetative and reproductive stage of maize. Selected isolates also proved to be efficient auxin producer and p-solubilizer under normal and stressed conditions. These isolates were identified as Bacillus sp. In separate study, it was observed that endophytic bacterial isolates carrying CA activity AR4 and AR14 (belonged to Microbacterium sp. and Psychrobacter sp., respectively) also stimulated the expression of various genes and transcription factors in Arabidopsis thaliana under normal as well as PEG-induced water deficit conditions. Therefore, it can be suggested that inoculation of endophytic bacterial isolates (WR2, WL19 for wheat and MR17, MG9 for maize) is good for enhancing photosynthesis and plant biomass under water deficit conditions. Moreover, multi-site field experiments for these isolates are suggested for evaluating the successful performance in field. However, molecular studies are required to confirm role of bacterially synthesized CA in photosynthesis.