اسلامى بىنکارى مىں تنگدست مقروض سے وصولیابی کے شرعی اختیارات

Islam lays emphasis on social justice and sharing of resources between the haves and the have-nots. In order to create such a balanced socio-economic environment, the inter-class lending is considered to be a way forward ethical activity. Qard is a gratuitous contract in which one gives a certain homogeneous wealth to other against the condition of returning of similar value of wealth upon demand or after termination of payback period. As per Sharia'h, the Qard should not bring any return or benefit for the lender because that would be equivalent to Ribâ. Therefore the lender cannot charge or demand any extra amount against the extension on the payback period awarded to the poor borrower. Furthermore, Islam considers the difference between debtors who default by procrastination and those who default by necessity. The Holy Qur'an, in principal, recommends having compassion for the poor barrowers and giving them the grace period till they have the capacity to payback. In such scenario the Muslim lenders perceive that the Islam has set unilateral direction in favor of borrowers only. Therefore the lenders feel that they are handicapped or helpless and found themselves in a strangled situation.  This study is designed to solve the dilemma of lenders and explore risk mitigation strategies in case of insolvency of borrowers. The verses from the Holy Qur'an & Hadith of the Messenger (PBUH) and also work of prominent Sharia'h Scholars were considered to form a comprehensive guideline to mitigate the lender’s risk. Hence it has been proved that the Islam has given legal rights to the lender and allows some practical recovery strategies & tactics to recover the funds from the underprivileged borrowers. This study will play a key role in risk mitigation for default and late payments.

Characterization and Optimization of Broad Absorbing Materials for Efficient Solar Energy Harvesting

Energy plays a key role in the prosperity and development of human society. Over the course of millions of years, fossil fuels, including coal, oil and natural gas, have been used as primary source of energy. Fossil fuel reserves are depleting with each passing day hence an alternative low cost, abundant and environmental friendly source of energy is required. Solar radiation is an unlimited form of clean and renewable energy. Its low cost and efficient harvesting can endlessly fuel our civilization.Dye-sensitized solar cells have been identified as the next-generation solar cells and continue to represent an important area of photovoltaic research because of its many advantages such as low cost, ease of fabrication, transparency, different colors, and clean energy source. In the research undertaken in this work, performance ofDSSCs using benzothiadiazolebased dyes was compared, the potential of a broad absorbing organic dye as an alternative to a standard metallic dye as a sensitizer was studied, the effect of different layers on the device performance enhancement was examined, a step by step temperature increase method was employed to enhance the device performance, and DSSC performance was investigated employing a highly ordered one-dimensional zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods based photoanode. To provide insight into the efficient solar energy harvesting and charge transport mechanisms, the techniques of UV-Visible spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) based computational study, current-voltage measurements, transient photovoltage measurements, transient photocurrent measurements and impedence spectroscopy were performed.