اندھا بوڑھا
نعمان نذیر
صبح ہوتے ہی معمول سے کچھ دیر پہلے ہی اس کی آ نکھ کھل گئی ۔ یوں تو وہ آ غاز سے ہی اپنے کام میں مہارت کے ساتھ ساتھ وقت کی پابندی کا بھی قائل تھا۔ شاید ہی ان دس سالوں میں کھبی اس کو افسران بالا کی طرف سے اس بات کا اعتراض کیا گیا ہو کہ وہ وقت پہ دفتر نہیں پہنچا ۔ ان دس سالوں میں اس کے افسر جو متعدد تبدیل ہو چکے تھے۔ کوئی بھی اس کے کام پہ معترض نہ تھا۔۔۔۔۔۔۔
آج اس کی زندگی کا ایک اہم دن تھا۔ اس موقع پہ اس کی بیوی بھی اس کی خوشی میں برابر شریک تھی۔ اسی کی خدمت اور حوصلے سے تو وہ آ ج اس مقام تک پہنچا تھا۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔
اس خبر کا انتظار اسے گزشتہ دو سال سے تھا ۔ وہ مسلسل اپنی محنت کا پھل پانے کے لئے آ ج تیار تھا ۔ یہ دن تھا اس کی محکمانہ ترقی کا۔۔۔۔۔
اس خبر کی اطلاع تو اسے نیم کلرک نے ایک مہینہ قبل ہی دے تھی۔ جب اس کی ترقی کا پروانہ مرکزی دفتر میں دستخط ہونے کا منتظر تھا۔ ۔۔۔
اس موقعہ کو یاد گار جانتے ہوئے اس نے نیا قیمتی لباس بھی تیار کروایا تھا ۔ گزشتہ اتوار کو وہ اپنی اہلیہ کے ہمراہ شہر کے سب سے بڑے شاپنگ مال میں کپڑے اور جوتے خریدنے گیا ۔ اس کی بیوی نے اپنے خرچ میں سے جمع کی گئی رقم سے مہنگے جوتے خرید کر تحفہ دیا۔ جو اس کی اس کامیابی کو اپنی کامیابی سمجھتی تھی ۔۔۔۔۔
آ خر کار 15 ستمبر کے دن کا سورج طلوع ہوگیا ۔ وہ معمول...
The present study aims at exploring positive psychological capital in the verses of Qur’an. Positive psychology is the latest advancement in the field of psychology which focuses on improving the well-being of society. Positive psychological capital refers to the combination of overall qualities of positive psychology that contributes to the well-being and mental health. The present study is based on the content analysis of the verses of Qur’an. Content analysis comprises of three steps including identifying the categories or themes, dividing the information into units or parts and finally rating all the themes in all units. In the first step the researchers identified 41 themes from Qur’an by using committee approach and reading the verses between the lines. All these categories were identified by keeping in view the underlying themes of positive psychology. In the second step 30 units were devised from Qur’an by considering each Part as a single unit. The categories included behavior modification, belief in divine help, brotherhood, bravery, contentment, civility, credibility, encouragement of virtue, emotional regulation, excellence, forgiveness, generosity, gratitude, honesty, hopefulness, humility, justice, knowledge, lawful spending, learning, meaningfulness, mindfulness, moderation, obedience, patience, peace, determination, positivity, prosperity, repentance, resilience, reward, self-actualization, self-awareness, self-control, sincerity, social leadership, truthfulness, trust, and wisdom. Results suggest that the most prominent category in Qur’an is the reward. Validity of the study was maintained through the selection of the themes with the help of committee approach. Reliability of the scoring system was maintained through partial inter-rater reliability. Overall the present research has many implications in the positive psychology of religion.
English and Urdu differ in the way they express definiteness. English encodes (in)definiteness through a, the and Ø. Urdu, on the other hand, relies mainly on quasi indefinite article ek to show indefiniteness but definiteness of a noun is expressed in a context in which the noun occurs, through word order and also with the help of thematic roles the noun plays in the argument structure. Keeping in mind the variations between the two languages, the main objective of the study is to examine the role of L1 along with other troublesome sources in the acquisition of English articles by Urdu L2ers of English. For this purpose, the data was collected from 41 undergraduates at Department of English in UAJ&K, comprising of two sets. The data set one was gathered in the form of 41 written composition and 10 speech production from the learners. For the second set of data, the same group of participant was tested via Master’s (1994) article diagnostic test with the interval of two years. Apace with, the learners’ improvement in general English proficiency during these years is measured employing different versions of the Oxford Quick Placement Test (OQPT).Using Huebner’s (1983) classification system, the data set two was analyzed quantitatively. First, by employing MINITAB 14, the use of articles in different item/noun environments is investigated. Then, the sequence/order of article acquisition is determined with regard to the SOC (Supplied in Obligatory Contexts), TLU (Target Like Use), and UOC (Used in Obligatory Contexts) measures. The results of the first set of data report article errors as the most persistent problems in the writing and speech of Urdu L2ers of English. The study reveals L1 transfer effects as omission of a was less than the omission of the in the data. Whereas, the unnecessary insertion of the is viewed as an intralingual error. The results have spotted English generic context as the most problematic area of difficulty for the learners. The study finds the learners’ better performance in sentence level generics. For further details, the overgeneralization of the is observed with mass and plural nouns. The study puts forth that the learners associate the initially with [+SR] features instead of [-SR] features. Above all, (a > the > Ø) route of article acquisition is determined for Urdu L2ers of English. Finally, employing Optimality theoretic Syntax account, it is shown that learning the ranking of FDEF over *FunctN, and then of (Num)= ¯ SG – FunctN over *Def/[Fam] is hard to acquire by the learners.