بشیر احمد چونچال
چونچال (۱۹۱۰ئ۔۱۹۸۵ئ) کا اصل نام بشیر احمد اور چونچالؔ تخلص کرتے تھے۔ چونچال سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ (۵۱۸) ان کی زندگی عسرت اور عدم آسائش کا شکار رہی لیکن وہ اپنے وقت میں مشاعروں کے مقبول ترین شعرا میں شمار ہوتے تھے۔ ان کا ایک شعری مجموعہ ’’منقار‘‘ دوست پبلی کیشنز اسلام آباد نے ۲۰۰۰ء میں شائع کیا۔ جو طنز یہ ومزاحیہ شاعری پر مشتمل ہے۔ اس کتاب میں غزلیں ،نظمیں اور قطعات شامل ہیں۔ یہ مجموعہ ایک سو پچاس صفحات پر مشتمل ہے۔ اس کتاب کے آغاز میں کامران مسعود کا مضمون’’ابتدائیہ‘‘ اصغر سودائی کا مضمون ’’چونچال ایک منفرد شاعر ‘‘،انور مسعود کا مضمون’’سیالکوٹ کا واحد ظریف شاعر‘‘ اور ضمیر جعفری کا تبصرہ ’’کلام بولتا ہے ‘‘ شامل ہیں۔
’’منقار‘‘ کے علاوہ ان کا کلیات زیر ترتیب ہے ابھی تک ان کا مجموعی کلام دسیتاب نہیں ہو سکا۔
بشیر احمد چونچال عظیم مزاح نگار شعرا میں ایک امتیازی حیثیت رکھتے تھے۔ اس امر کے کہ وہ عصر حاضر کے مزاح نگاروں میںصفِ اول کے شاعر تھے انھیں وہ مقام و مرتبہ نہ مل سکا جو ان سے کم تر درجے کے شاعروں کو مل چکا ہے یا مل رہا ہے۔
اصغر سودائی چونچالؔ کی عظمت کے حوالے سے رقم طرا ز ہیں:
اگر میں یہ کہوں کہ چونچالؔ اکبر الہ آبادی کے بعد دوسرا بڑا شاعر ہے ۔ جس نے فلاح قوم کا بیڑا اٹھایا اور ساری عمر اسی دشت کی سیاہی میں گزار دی تو ہر لحاظ سے یہ ایک ایسا دعویٰ ہو گا جس کی دلیل ان کا کلام ہے۔(۵۱۹)
سید ضمیر جعفری چونچالؔ سیالکوٹی کے دوست تھے اور متعدد مرتبہ سیالکوٹ میں چونچال سے ان کی ملاقاتیں بھی ہوئیں۔چونچال اور ضمیر جعفری اکٹھے مشاعر ے بھی پڑھتے رہے۔ ضمیر جعفری چونچال کے بارے میں چونچال کے شعری مجموعے پر اپنے...
Background of the study: Tibia Vara is defined as a growth abnormality which leads to Varus malalignment of the lower limb. It is caused by excessive loading on the medial part of proximal tibia. Progressive Tibia Vara can result in a bowleg deformity which is most noticeable in posteromedial part of upper tibial physis. Other than that, it gives rise to in toeing of feet and lateral knee thrust, altering the normal biomechanics of an individual. This study aim to determine the frequency of Tibia Vara among obese adolescents (13-18years).
Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done using non probability convenient sampling. Total 214 obese adolescents of age range 13 to 18 years were recruited from different parks and schools of Lahore. Adolescents with BMI less than 30 and with history of fracture or dislocation in the lower limb were excluded from the study. Manual goniometer was used to assess tibia vara in obese adolescent which had an intra-rater reliability of 0.75.
Results: Out of 214 obese adolescents, 128 were male and 86 were female. The percentage of Tibia Vara in this population was found to be 38% (n= 82). Whereas; on the basis of gender, male participants presenting with Tibia vara was found to be 26% (n= 56) and the percentage of females reported with Tibia vara was only 12% (n= 26).
Conclusion: Tibia vara had been reported in 38% of the obese adolescents in Lahore, Pakistan. Whereas, on the basis of gender most frequently tibia vara was reported among male participants.
The aim of the present investigation was to determine the effect of salt stress on the physiology of twelve genotypes of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), to study the genetic diversity among these genotypes and to transfer salt tolerant gene in the selected genotype through Agrobacterium mediated gene transformation method. The seeds of different tomato genotypes were obtained from Ayub Agricultural Research Institute (AARI), Faisalabad and from Horticulture Research institute (HRI), NARC, Islamabad. First experiment comprises study of plant growth, ionic content, ABA content of shoot and root and proline content at four different NaCl salinity level. The genotypes Avinash, NTH242 and Gol performed better at higher salt concentration as indicated by less inhibition of plant height, shoot and root fresh weight and shoot and root dry weight. There was less translocation of Na + to shoot but greater accumulation of K + and Ca 2+ concomitant with higher production of osmoregulant (proline) and endogenous ABA accumulation in shoot was recorded. Second experiment was conducted to study the genetic diversity among the twelve tomato genotypes through randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analyses. Twelve tomato genotypes were grouped in four clusters at similarity coefficient value of 0.88 on the basis of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Cluster-I consisted of a single tomato genotype “NTH-242”. Cluster-II of three tomato genotypes Lyp No.1, BARI, Roma and Cluster-III grouped Pakit and Riogrande together. Cluster-IV composed of maximum tomato genotypes i.e. 88572, Gol, Nagina, Checo, Pant Bahar and Avinash. Third experiment deals with Agrobacterium mediated transformation of DREB 1A gene in tomato using tissue culture. Prior to transformation three tomato genotypes were subjected to tissue culture studies to select the best genotype for callus induction and regeneration. Hypocotyls and leaf discs were used as explant source and inoculated on Murashige and Skoog media having different hormonal combinations. The callus induction and regeneration frequency varied among genotypes and it was concluded that hypocotyls of tomato genotype Avinash produced maximum callus induction and regeneration frequency on MS media xiiisupplemented with IAA (0.5 mg/l) and Kin (1.5 mg/l). Agrobacterium mediated gene transformation was carried out in tomato genotype Avinash to transfer DREB 1A gene tolerant to salt stress. During the study it was observed that two min infection time with Agrobacterium, two days for co-cultivation, Acetosyringone @ 50 μM in co-cultivated media and 50 mg/l hygromycin in selection media was optimum for high frequency transformation. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was conducted to confirm trasfomants by amplification of 500 bp size DNA fragment for hygromycin resistance gene.