فقہ اسلامی میں مقاصد شریعت کے مدارج

Al-Maqasid (the purposes) is a guide to Islam written by Imam Shatibi in his book "Al-Mowafaq'at". It covers purposes of Islamic faith, Zakat, pilgrimage etc. Maqasid al-Shari’ah is a system of values that could contribute to a desired and sound application of the Shari’ah. ” This concept has been employed as a legal hermeneutical tool in pre-modern Islamic law at least since 3 H. D. It is based on the idea that Islamic law is purposive in nature, that is, to mean that the law serves particular purposes (e. G, promoting people’s benefit and welfare and protecting them from harm) that are either explicitly present in or can be derived from the fountainheads of the sources of Islamic law, namely, the Quran & the Sunnah. Maqasid al-Sharia is also an umbrella term that includes many other concepts that have been closely linked to it in the premodern Islamic tradition, most notably the idea of public interests and unrestricted interests (al-Masalih al-Mursala), as well as other principles such as istihsan (juridical preference), istis’hab (presumption of continuity), and avoidance of mischief (all of which are considered to be directives in accordance with Allah’s will). Spiritual Principles include: the free right and duty to be aware of and to worship Allah and to search for ultimate truth and justice; the duty to respect the human person, known as the natural principle of personalism; the duty to respect the coherent order of all creation, i. E. Ecology and environment; and the duty to respect human community based on the sacredness of each of its members.

Design and Analysis of Microelectromechanical System Based Displacement Amplification Mechanism

This PhD dissertation reports design and analysis of Micro-Electro-Mechanical system (MEMS) based displacement amplification mechanism. The proposed displacement amplification mechanism has been designed and tested in three different configurations giving experimental amplification factors of 7.6, 16 and 16.14 respectively. The mechanism has been analytically modeled using kinematic and Direct Force Displacement Method. Numerical simulations are carried out by writing a code using MATLAB. Results are found in good agreement with that of the simulated results using FEM based software IntelliSuite® and experimental results substantiating the viability of this displacement amplification mechanism. Parametric analysis of the proposed mechanism evaluated the effect of different geometric parameters, hence finalizing the design geometry. The analysis predicts that length and the angle of flexure are the two key geometric parameters that significantly affect amplification factor and have direct relationship with length and inverse relationship with angle of micro-flexure. Natural frequencies and associated mode shapes of all three configurations of mechanism during free vibrations have been determined from modal analysis. Polysilicon based Multi-User MEMS Processes (PolyMUMPs) has been used for the fabrication of all micro displacement amplification mechanism prototypes. A micro mechanical probe station equipped with tungsten and acupuncture needles has been used to test the functionality of prototypes. The amplification mechanism can be incorporated with micro gripers for increasing displacement at jaw tip. Design and analysis of a variant of displacement amplification mechanism consisting of two configurations of designed amplification mechanisms having experimental amplification factor of 5.8 has been proposed. Thermal and static analysis simulations of configuration 3 of the designed displacement amplification mechanism incorporated with thermal chevron actuator and electrostatic comb drives have been carried out and results discussed in detail at the end.