قاضی عبدالغفار مراد آبادی
افسوس ہے پچھلے دنوں قاضی عبدالغفار صاحب مرادآبادی بھی داعی اجل کولبیک کہہ کر رہ گزائے عالم ِباقی ہوگئے۔مرحوم اردو کے نامور اورصاحب طرز ادیب، کامیاب صحافی اوربڑے خوش فکروپُرجوش قومی کارکن تھے۔ان کی شہرت کاآغاز بحیثیت ایک اخبار نویس کے ہوا۔اس سلسلہ میں انھوں نے مولانا محمد علی مرحوم سے باقاعدہ ٹریننگ لی تھی اورہمدرد کے عملۂ ادارت میں شریک رہنے کے علاوہ خوداپنے بھی متعدد اخبار نکالے تھے۔تحریک خلافت میں پیش پیش رہے اور قلم کے ساتھ زبان اورعمل سے بھی قومی خدمات انجام دیتے رہے۔ تحریک خلافت کے ختم ہوجانے پر لوگ کچھ اُن کو بھول سے چلے تھے کہ پھر یکایک’ لیلیٰ کے خطوط‘ نے ان کوادبی شہرت کے آسمان پرمہرنیمروز بنا کر چمکا دیا۔اس کے بعد انھوں نے ’’مجنوں کی ڈائری‘‘،’’تین پیسہ کی چھوکری‘‘،’’حیات جمال الدین افغانی‘‘ اور’’حیات اجمل‘‘وغیرہ کتابیں لکھیں جو ان کی شہرت میں برابر اضافہ ہی کرتی رہیں۔ مرحوم بڑے شگفتہ نگارمصنف اور صاحب قلم تھے، اُن کی تحریروں میں شوخی کے ساتھ سنجیدگی کابڑا لطیف امتزاج ہوتا تھا۔طبیعت کی رنگینی کا اثر صفحۂ قرطاس پربھی ظاہر ہوئے بغیر نہیں رہتا تھا۔ اپنے فکروخیال میں بڑے پکے اور سخت قسم کے انسان تھے۔تجارت کے سلسلے میں یورپ بھی ہوآئے تھے اوروہاں کا سفرنامہ جو’’نقش ِفرنگ‘‘ کے نام سے لکھا تھا وہ بجائے خود اردو زبان کا ایک شاہکار ہے۔تقسیم کے بعدانجمن ترقی اُردو(ہند)کا علی گڑھ میں ازسرنو قیام ہوا توقاضی صاحب اُس کے سیکرٹری مقررہوئے اورآخر اسی انجمن کی خدمت کرتے کرتے جان جان آفریں کے سپرد کردی۔بڑے ملنسار اورخوش خلق وخوش رو تھے، جس سے ملتے تھے اخلاص ومحبت سے ملتے تھے۔ اس صدی کے ربع اوّل کی یوپی کی تہذیب وشائستگی اورمخلوط تمدن وشستگی کے بڑے اچھے نمونہ تھے، بات کرتے تھے تومنہ سے پھول جھڑتے تھے اورمسکراتے تھے توگل ترکے دامن پرشبنم...
The concept of citizenship is one of the pillars upon which the modern civil state was built. The concept of citizenship can be considered as the basic guarantee for both the government and individuals to clarify the relationship between them, since under this right individuals can acquire and apply their rights freely and also based on this right the state can regulate how society members perform the duties imposed on them, which will contributes to the development of the state and society. The term citizenship has been used in a wider perspective, itimplies the nationality of the State where the citizen obtains his civil, political, economic, social, cultural and religious rights and is free to exercise these rights in accordance with the Constitution of the State and the laws governing thereof and without prejudice to the interest. In return, he has an obligation to perform duties vis-à-vis the state so that the state can give him his rights that have been agreed and contracted. This paper seeks to explore firstly, the modern connotation of citizenship where it is based on the idea of rights and duties. Thus the modern ideal of citizenship is based on the relationship between the individual and the state. The Islamic civilization was spanned over fourteen centuries and there were certain laws and regulations governing the relationship between the citizens and the state, this research will try to discover the main differences between the classical concept of citizenship and the modern one, also this research will show us the results of this change in this concept. The research concludes that the new concept of citizenship is correct one and the one that can fit to our contemporary life and the past concept was appropriate for their time but the changes in the world force us to apply and to rethink again about this concept.
Background: Tourniquet hypertension arising from tourniquet inflation remains of primary concern to the anaesthetist. One drug commonly used to manage tourniquet hypertension is ketamine. Several studies show that ketamine attenuated the blood pressure rise associated with tourniquet inflation. None of the studies carried out examined the effect of ketamine on tourniquet hypertension for a period of more than one hour or an infusion of the same. Objective: To compare the effect of an intravenous infusion of ketamine, versus placebo on tourniquet induced hypertension in patients undergoing upper and lower limb surgery under general anaesthesia Study design: Single blinded Randomized Controlled Trial Study setting: The Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya Methods: Forty six adult patients scheduled for upper and lower limb surgery under general anaesthesia were randomized into two equal groups. The first group (referred to as the ketamine group), received an intravenous bolus of 0.1mg/kg of ketamine in a 10ml syringe followed by an infusion of 2ug/kg/min of ketamine in a 20ml syringe. The second group (referred to as the saline group) received an intravenous bolus of physiological saline in a 10ml syringe followed by an infusion of saline in a 20ml syringe. All the patients were reviewed post operatively. Data of the baseline characteristics, haemodynamic changes, post tourniquet pain and side effects were collected. If post tourniquet pain was present post-operatively, a visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to assess its severity. Results: 46 patients were entered into the study and all successfully completed the trial. There were no significant differences between the groups for baseline patient demographics. The incidence of tourniquet hypertension was higher in the saline group (26.1%) as compared with ketamine group (4.6%) with a 95% confidence interval. The difference was shown to be statistically significant (‘P’<0.05) There was an increase in systolic blood pressure after 60 minutes of tourniquet inflation in the saline group but the difference was not statistically significant(‘P’>0.866). There were no significant differences between the groups as regards, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. VAS scores did not differ between the two groups. Statistically there was no difference found between the two groups. Side effects were minimal in the ketamine group whilst in the saline group nausea and vomiting was predominant but was also not statistically significant. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it was found that there was a difference in the proportion of hypertension after tourniquet inflation