دور الفرد في مكافحة الجريمة الجنائية في الشريعة الإسلامية والقانون الوضعي

There is a great importance and significance of the role of an individual to prevent his body and property from an aggression. Islamic law and conventional law has authorized an individual to repel any kind of aggression upon his body and property and has not forced him to stand hands bound towards the aggressor. This role of an individual will help to decrease the ratio of crimes in society. It has been strived in this paper to provide proof of its legalization from Quran, Sunnah and also from conventional law. It has also been tried to discuss the main portions and relevant issues relating to the said topic such as; aggression, offence, defence during the continuance of aggression or offence and retreat during the aggression in Shariah and Common Law.

Relationship Between Social Support and Employees Work and Family Performance: the Role of Work to Family Enrichment and Family Role Salience

Purpose – This research investigates the main and conditional indirect effect of emotional and instrumental family related social support from supervisor and co-workers on employees’ work and family performance. Work performance was measured through the workplace behaviours such as person and task focused interpersonal citizenship behaviour and in-role behaviour. In order to examine conditional indirect effects, work to family enrichment was incorporated as mediator and family role salience was used as the conditional moderator in moderated mediation model. Research Design – Primary data were collected for this research, through the survey questionnaire in dyads from the employees and their immediate supervisors (i.e., branch managers), working in the banking sector of Pakistan. In order to avoid issue of common method variance, both the employees and their supervisors participated in the survey. The supervisors only participated in the survey of employees’ performance measures such person and task focused interpersonal citizenship behaviour and in-role behaviour. Findings – Work to family enrichment mediated the positive relationship between emotional and instrumental family related social support from supervisor and co-workers and employees’ work (person and task focused interpersonal citizenship behaviour, in-role behaviour) and family (relationship and task) performance. However, there was mixed support for the main effect of emotional and instrumental family related social support from supervisor and co-workers on employees’ work (person and task focused interpersonal citizenship behaviour, in-role behaviour) and family (relationship and task) performance. The moderated mediation model results showed that the conditional indirect effects of family role salience on relationship between social supports and employees’ work and family performance were low when family role salience was low and high when family role salience was high. Originality/Value – This research contributed in the existing organizational behaviour studies by integrating the social support domain (family related), types (emotional and instrumental) and sources (supervisory and co-workers) together and associating them to work to family enrichment and employees’ work and family performance. Further, this research contributed by testing a simple mediation model in the indirect relationship between social supports and employees’ work and family performance. Furthermore, this research contribute by testing a moderated mediation model by determining the conditional indirect effects of family role salience on relationship between social supports and employees’ work and family performance.