قرآن کریم میں مذکورہ انبیا ء کرام کے واقعات سراغ رسانی

Intelligence system is considered to be one of the important tools used by military and civil secret agencies to defend and strengthen a nation. Intelligence system is thought to be one of the oldest studies of known history. Intelligence system consists of correct and accurate information, gathered after great struggle and facing difficulties. This department is related to both peace and war. Intelligence is a basis of formulating all military strategies and plans. The importance of Intelligence system both in day to day life and as a nation cannot be overemphasized. This article narrates the history of espionage, which is as old as the history of mankind itself. Five thousand years ago, the Egyptians has a well-organized secret service. In the ancient western country, it was called as; hakim’, in Spain (Undles) as ‘Sahib al Madina’, in Tunis as ‘Ray’ and in Iran the as “Areef”. Nowadays it is known as ‘Muqadama-Tul-Haaraat’, Salaf-Us-Saliheen calls its “Shurtaa” and some calls it as ‘Sahib al-us-us’ as they use to move throughout the night to look for anti-state elements. The first ever victim of intelligence warfare was Hazrat Adam (A) where Satan revolt against him. Similarly, the incident of Hazrat Yousaf (A) is the indication of old age practice of espionage. Due to jealousy, his brothers sold him as slave and told their father that he has been eaten alive by a wolf. Hazrat Musa (A) had his network of espionage. Even birds had been used for spying, like in the case of Hazrat Suleman (A) where he was informed by the hopp bird about the Queen of Saba. The study of the Bible reveals that instead of Hazrat Eessa (A), Yehuda Skruti was crucified but still nobody knows for sure that whether he was a true follower of the Jesus or was an implanted agent of the Romans Intelligence Agency. Anyhow, Bible declared him as a Roman spy. The ongoing tribal wars in ancient Arabs further emphasized this activity. The rest of the world had already well developed intelligence system. But in Arab, it was in its development phase and it was the Holy Prophet (PBUH) who got it from his ancestors and developed it. In addition to the intelligence systems of the early prophets, the relevant events in the realm of Nijashi of Habsha and Alexander the Great, have been narrated in this article.

Molecular Phylogeny of Artemisia Subgenus Seriphidium Asteracea

Members of Artemisia (Asteraceae) are of great economic, ethnobotanical and medicinal importance. There are about 500 species distributed throughout the world except for Antarctica. Morphological, anatomical, cytological, palynological, genomic and physiological techniques are being used from ancient times for identification and natural classification of these plants but still have restrictions. The current study will help out in resolving the taxonomic complexities of the genus Artemisia sensu lato with an emphasis on subgenus Seriphidium sensu stricto and point out the potential molecular taxonomic markers. Artemisia subg. Seriphidium is one of the largest groups within Artemisia, encompassing more than one hundred species, some of them having considerable ecological and economical importance. However, the evolution of subg. Seriphidium has received less attention in comparison to other subgenera of Artemisia, probably, apart from the difficulty of sampling throughout its very large distribution area, because of the low molecular and morphological variability observed in previous studies. Here, thorough taxonomic sampling within both Artemisia and subg. Seriphidium is used to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the subgenus, employing nuclear and plastid DNA sequences as well as various phylogenetic, biogeographic and diversification dynamics tools to analyze the data. The results show that subg. Seriphidium is not monophyletic but segregated into two main clades: one large monophyletic group corresponding to the formerly recognized sect. Seriphidium and a second, small clade, phylogenetically distant from the first. Biogeographic and diversification analyses indicate that rapid radiation of species within the sect. Seriphidium occurred in Central Asia during the Miocene-Pliocene transition. The results of our biogeographic analysis suggest that this diversification process started around the Tian-Shan, Pamir and Hindu Kush mountain ranges, subsequently expanding into the Eurasian continent. Finally, the study uncovered numerous incongruences between taxonomic and genetic information in several sect. Seriphidium species, which could be explained by morphological uniformity, hybridization and/or incomplete lineage sorting processes. Moreover, the study researches the systematic position of members of Artemisia from Pakistan using molecular data. Furthermore, the research strongly supported the inclusion of Seriphidium within Artemisia. More investigation encompassing extensive sampling from numerous biogeographic regions and markers that are more variable would be necessary to disentangle systematic affinities within the genus.