موضوع5:تنقیدکی ضرورت و اہمیت
تنقید:
تنقید عربی زبان کا لفظ ہے۔جس کے معنی جانچنا، پرکھنا ، کھرے اور کھوٹے کو الگ کرنا ہیں۔
تنقیدکی ضرورت و اہمیت:
تنقید کا سلسلہ تخلیق آدم سے شروع ہوا۔ جب اللہ تعالی نے حضرت آدم ؑکو پید اکیا تو فرشتوں نے اللہ سے گزارش کہ کہ یہ انسان دنیا میں جاکر فساد اور لڑائی جھگڑے کرے گا۔ اس کی تخلیق کی ضرورت کیوں پیش آئی؟عبادت کے لیے تو ہم کافی ہیں۔ اس کی تخلیق پر نظر ثانی کی جائے۔اللہ نے فرشتوں کوغرض تخلیق آدم? سے آگاہ کیا۔سب سے پہلے آدم? پر تنقید کی گئی یعنی تخلیق پر تنقید ہوئی۔اس سے یہ بھی واضع ہوا کہ تنقید کے لیے تخلیق کا ہونا ضروری ہے۔
تنقید تخلیقی ذہن کو جلا بخشتی ہے جس کی وجہ سے صحت مند تخلیق وجود میں آتی ہے۔تنقید تخلیق کے فن کے لیے سازگار ماحول مہیا کرتی ہے۔مثلا ایک شاعر نظم میں بے ہودہ الفاظ استعمال کرتا ہے تونقاد اس کو دھوڈالتا ہے۔اس لیے آئندہ لکھنے والے اس تنقید کو مدنظر رکھیں گے تنقید کا دوسرا کام فن پاروں کی تشریح و توضیع کرنا ہے مثلا نقادکیا کہنا چاہ رہا ہے۔تخلیق کار تخلیق کردیتا ہے اور نقاد کا کام یہ ہے کہ وہ وضاحت کرکے بتاتا ہے کہ کیا صحیح ہے اور کیا غلط ہے۔ایک انگریز مفکر "ڈیوڈ ڈیشن "کہتے ہیں:
" نقاد ادب کے بارے میں کئی قسم کے سوالات اٹھاتا ہے۔تاہم اگر وہ کوئی سوال نہ بھی اٹھائے تووہ فن پارے کے مختلف طریقوں سے شرح کرکے وضاحت کرکے قاری کے حسن فن میں اضافہ کرتا ہے۔نقاد ادب کے بارے میں کئی سوالات اٹھا تا ہے۔"
تنقید کی ضرورت:
• تنقید سے کسی فن پارے کے محاسن و معائب سامنے آئیں گے یعنی خوبیاں اور خامیاں وغیرہ۔
• شاعروں اور ادیبوں کو دوبارہ زندہ کرنے کے...
Every Human being needs family system to live with dignity. There is joint family system, and separate family system in practice in Muslim Societies. Shah Waliullah gave concept of ideal family system. The ingredients of ideal family system of Shah Waliullah are Nikāḥ, Siblings, Property, Love and Society. People faced many problems for living respectfully, and born grave losses due to war. Shah Waliullah not only taught us religious teachings but also guided us how to make our socio- economic system strong as well as family system. In this article, his teachings and thoughts about family system have been discussed.
Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)-silica and Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)-alumina hybrid materials were synthesized in aqueous medium by the sol-gel method using hydrochloric acid(HCl) as catalyst and silicon ethoxide and aluminum butoxide as silica and alumina precursor respectively. Transparent, flexible thin film composites of homogenous thickness were obtained at room temperature after drying for 5 days. The hybrid composites were characterized by Ultra Violet- Visible (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-rays (EDX), X-Rays Difractometry (XRD), Thermogravimetric/ Differential Thermal analysis (TG/DTA), Thermal Conductivity (TC), mechanical properties and water uptake measurements. SEM micrographs revealed that silica and alumina was dispersed in the PVA matrix without the large aggregation of particles. The PVA-silica or alumina composites offer an outstanding balance of toughness. Tensile results indicate that there is a compromise in properties when compositing silica or alumina with PVA as the addition of silica or alumina makes the material stronger and more useful. This is related to an increased modulus and decreased elongation at break with increasing silica or alumina content. FTIR spectroscopy failed to identify any perturbation because of blending of silica or alumina with PVA, but only specific interaction of the hydrogen bonding between different groups of PVA and alumina/silica was observed. The comparison of UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis, of PVA, PVA - silica and PVA- alumina composite films showed almost similar spectrum except that peak of 335 nm shown in pure PVA shifted towards lower wavelength with both silica and alumina. This change in peak position is due to the interacting particles of silica or alumina. This change may be attributed to aggregation of silica /alumina particles. Between the silica and alumina, silica is causing more effect on this peak while alumina is to a lesser extent, which we think is due to bigger size of silica molecules. XRD pattern of pure PVA and PVA- silica or alumina composite point out the wide bulge among 16 and 22 of 2-θ degree, and this is connected to amorphous field in Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) thin film polymer. It was discovered that the extent of crystalline domain of composite Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) has improved with addition of silica or alumina. The crystalline movement is amplified with segment wise shift of Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) mass among sites of coordination and relaxation of confined structure raise the crystallinity with increase of silica or alumina. Thermal Conductivity (TC) of PVA composites showed decrease in initial stage until the amount of silicon ethoxide and aluminum butoxide was small (up to 20% silicon ethoxide and 10% aluminum butoxide). However, beyond 20% for silicon ethoxide and 10% for aluminum butoxide the Thermal Conductivity (TC) showed increase. This means that there is a threshold value for Thermal Conductivity (TC) depending upon the added filler. Up to this value, decrease is shown while beyond this there is increase. The TGA curve of the PVA composites showed that there is the thermal stability of the PVA film up to 370 K (97 oC). There was a mass drop from 370 K to 500 K, which may be due to evaporation of surface and structure water. The further drop of weight between 500 K and 738 K is attributed to decomposition and combustion of PVA film. In the temperature range of 738 K to 820 K, a weight loss was due to the transformation from carbon black to carbon dioxide. The whole process is supported by DTA curves. Water uptake swelling index measurements were done which shows the hydrophilic nature of PVA- alumina and hydrophobic nature of PVA- silica. It can be concluded that we have successfully prepared thin Film of PVA-silica and PVA- alumina, which are thermally stable and with good strength.