شاعرؔصدیقی کی غزل گوئی
غزل اْردو شاعری میں روح کی مانند ہے۔ یہ دراصل قصیدے کا ابتدائی حصہ تشبیب ہے جوعموماًعشق ومحبت کے مضامین پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے۔ ایک الگ صنف سخن کے طور پر ایرانی شعرا نے اس کورواج دیاعربی زبان میں غزل نام کوئی شعرِ صنف موجود نہیں ہے۔شمس رازیؔ نے غزل کی تعریف کچھ اس طرح کی کہ ہرن کو جب شکاری کتے دبوچھ لیتے ہیں اور بے بسی کی حالت میں اس کے منہ سے جو کرب ناک چیخ نکلتی ہے وہ غزل ہے۔معلمین ادب نے اب تک غزل کی جو تعریفیں کی ہیں ان میں سب سے مقبول تعریف یہ ہے کہ’’ عورتوں سے باتیں کرنا ،عورتوں کے متعلق باتیں کر نا ،عورتوں سے عشق بازی کرنا‘‘۔عربی زبان میں غزل سے مراد ’’کاتنا‘‘ لیا جاتا ہے۔عرب میں نوجوان لڑکیاں گھر کی مصروفیت سے جب فارغ ہوجاتی سوت کاتتی تھی اور جوگیت گھاتی اس کو غزل سے معنون کیا جاتا تھا۔شاعری کی اصطلاح میں غزل وہ شعری صنف ہے جس کے ہر شعر میں الگ مضمون باندھا گیا ہوجامعیت اور اختصار غزل کے ہر شعر کا خاصہ ہوتا ہے غزل کا ہر شعر اپنے مفہوم کے لحاظ سے سالم ہوتا ہے۔عشق و عاشقی کے مضامین غزل کے بنیادی عناصر سمجھے جاتے ہیں۔ڈاکٹر محمد عبدالحفیظ قتیلؔ نے اس حوالے سے کچھ یوں اظہار خیال کیا ہے:
’’غزل کے لغوی معنی عورتوں سے باتیں کرنے ،ان کے ساتھ خوش طبعی سے پیش آنے اور عاشقی کرنے کے ہیں۔اور اصطلاح میں اس صنف سخن کو کہتے ہیں جو حسن جمال کی تعریف اور عشق وعاشقی کے ذکر کے لیے مخصوص ہے‘‘ (۱)
ہیئت کے اعتبارسے غزل کے تمام مصرعے ایک ہی وزن وبحر میں ہوتے ہیں۔ہرشعر مفہوم کے اعتبار سے دوسرے سے مختلف ہوتا ہے۔اشعار کی تعداد کم ازکم پانچ سے سات ہونی چاہیے۔غزل کے پہلے...
The era of caliphate was the golden era of Islam. In this era the boundaries of Islamic state spread far and wide. From the caliphate of Abubakkar saddique (RA) Islamic conquest had started. At that time the Muslim armies reached Syria and Byzentine. But the first arrival of sahaba in Afghanistan was in the caliphate of Hazrat Umar (RA). The torchbearer of Islam came here for the preaching of Islam and to lead these people and turn their lives according to Quran and Sunnah. Before the advent of Islam Afghanistan was the centre of Buddhist and other several faiths. Through the efforts of these companions of Muhammad (S.A.W) Islam got spread through the mountains and deserts of Afghanistan and all the Pathan tribes enter in the holy deen. In the following lines we will discuss thier efforts and journeys towards Afghanistan.
Introduction: PUJO is one the most common pathology in paediatric urology. It is the most common cause of Hydronephrosis that may progress to irreversible damage to the kidney if not resolved. Aim: The study is to evaluate outcome of pyeloplasty and find out the association of demographic characteristics and clinical factor on outcome of pyeloplasty among children at FMIC, Kabul, Afghanistan. Methodology: A hospital based retrospective Case Series study design was conducted at French Medical Institute for Mothers and Children, Kabul, Afghanistan. Records of 150 participants who were admitted at surgery department under diagnosis of UPJO reviewed from first January, 2010 till last December 2015, among them 110 patients based on inclusion and exclusion criteria enrolled in the study. Chi square, one way ANOVA and paired t- test were run to determine the association of factors with outcome of Pyeloplasty. Results: Our study findings have identified that among 110 patients, 90 (88.1%) were males. Most of patients had problem on left side 79 (71.8%), right kidney in 23 (20.9%) and bilateral involvement in 8 (7.3%), all except one who diagnosed prenatally were diagnosed in postnatal period. The diagnostic tools used in this study were US and IVU. The most common complaints reported were flank pain 45.5%. Around 9 (8%) of patients had associated anomaly; most common obstructive cause were narrow ureter 86 (78.1%). Urinary tract infection was identified in 13 (11.8) patients. Hydronephrosis grading was according SFU grading system as Grade 1 (1) grade 2 (13) Grade 3 (58) and grade 4 (44) patients. Out of 110 patients, 90 had undergone Pyeloplasty procedure, while 20 patients with complete destroyed kidney had undergone nephrectomy. Patients were divided into two groups (< 2 years and > 2 years) according to their age. The follow up modality were US parameters (anteroposterior diameter of pelvis and percentage of improvement in pelvis diameter. PI more than 15 was considered as successful outcome. The overall success rate of Pyeloplasty procedure was 82%. This study revealed the factors that affect the outcome of Pyeloplasty included: degree of hydronephrosis before operation and presence or absence of UTI. Conclusion: UPJO is one of the most common pathology in paediatric urology; in chronic case, it may progress to irreversible damage of kidneys, Aarly operation causes better outcome, as this study finds out, it improves the renal function, which approved this finding by improved in creatinine clearance level. Perusing international literature