پاکستان میں مذہبی سیاست کا موجودہ انداز بھی حدود و قصاص قوانین نفاذ کے راستہ میں ایک بہت بڑی رکاوٹ ہے۔ ہمارے ملک میں لوگوں نے جب سے مذہب کو سیاست کی بنیاد بنایا ہے ۔ اس وقت سے یہاں مذہبی فرقوں کی بنیاد پر سیاسی پارٹیاں وجود میں آگئی ہیں ۔ جوں جوں یہ سیاسی پارٹیاں انتخابی میدان میں سرگرم ہوتی جاتی ہیں، ملک میں فرقہ وارانہ تنازعات کی شدت میں اضافہ ہوتا جاتا ہے۔ فرقہ وارانہ تنازعات کی شدت میں اسلام کے عمومی مقاصد پس پشت چلے جاتے ہیں اور جزوی اور فروعی اختلافات اہمیت اختیار کر لیتے ہیں۔ مزید برآں جب مذہب کی بنیاد پر لوگ انتخابی میدان میں آتے ہیں تو اس کا پہلا نتیجہ یہ نکلتا ہے کہ اسلام ایک اختلافی مسئلہ بن جاتا ہے۔
ممکن ہے بعض اہل علم اس رائے سے اختلاف کریں، لیکن گذشتہ پچھتر سال کا تجر بہ یہی بتاتا ہے کہ جب تک پاکستان میں مذہبی اور فرقہ وارانہ اپیل کی بنیاد پر ووٹ لینے والی سیاسی پارٹیاں موجود ہیں اور مذہب کے نام پر فرقہ وارانہ سیاست ہو رہی ہے ، تب تک ان قوانین پر عمل درآمد ممکن نہیں۔ کمال کی بات تو یہ ہے کہ جب تک پاکستان کی نون لیگ ،تحریک انصاف پارٹی اور دیگر سیاسی پارٹیوں کے قائدین اپنی تقاریر میں مذہبی ٹچ نہ دیں ۔ اس وقت تک ان کی تقاریر پھیکی رہتی ہیں ۔ چنانچہ جب تک اس طرح کی فضا سیاست کے میدان میں رہے گی، اس وقت تک پاکستان میں اسلام کے نفاذ کے راستے میں کوئی بڑی اور مثبت پیش قدمی نہیں ہو سکتی۔
In Islamic perspective leadership is a great feature and most important quality for achievement of national goals. Therefore, all kinds of national and organizational success are based up on quality of good leadership. Every group, society, organization, state and even the world at large need good leadership who can lead their supporters and followers and organizations towards successful physical and spiritual growth and development . It is also a fact that leadership is God gifted thing but we can enhance ability for eldership. Leadership should not be confused with the role of only those who make headlines but in essence almost everyone have sometimes somewhere, somehow played a leading role. It is also a historical fact that the Holy Prophet Muhammad ﷺ was granted all kind of leadership and He established some important principles of Islamic leadership which are necessary to follow them for successful leadership. These principles are foundation of great achievements which are led by the Holy Prophet ﷺ. It is also observed that the Islamic Leadership principles practiced by the Holy Prophet Muhammad ﷺ and subsequently by his Caliphs and pious followers which if practiced will provide success principles equally useful both for Muslims and for non-Muslims minorities both in an Islamic state and society. In this paper the efforts are made to elaborate the guiding principles of Islamic leadership in the light of the teachings of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.
English, being an international lingua franca, has been given a great importance in Pakistan at local and national level. It has been taught as a secondary language in the form of compulsory subject in most of the institutions right from class one. Effective teaching learning of English reading mostly depends upon learners’ reading attitude, teaching techniques related to reading and reading assessment practices. The basic objective of the study was to explore the perceptions of teachers and students towards teaching techniques, assessment practices and learners’ reading attitude. Furthermore, the study aims to measure the effect of learners’ reading attitude, teaching techniques and assessment practices related to reading on learners’ performance in English subject at higher secondary school level in Pakistan. The students and teachers of higher secondary schools (Class-XI & XII) represented as the population. However, the target population was delimited to Hyderabad. The random stratified sampling technique was used for the selection of twenty six teachers and five hundred thirty students as a sample from target population. The survey method, including questionnaire, interview and observation checklist tools, was used for data collection. It was found that learners’ reading attitude, reading assessment practices and teaching techniques related to English reading were very strongly correlated to learners’ performance in English subject. Any improvement in teaching techniques, assessment practices and learners’ reading attitude towards the English as subject leads to enhance the performance of students in English subject. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the perception of students and teachers regarding learners’ reading attitude, reading assessment practices and teaching techniques for reading skills. However, the teachers and students showed their dissatisfaction with learners’ reading attitude, reading assessment practices and teaching techniques related to reading. The teachers of higher secondary schools were incapable to use latest teaching techniques and assessment strategies. They rarely used modern audio visual aids like multi-media, computers and projectors in the classroom teaching and assessment. They used only old, ineffective and conventional teaching techniques and assessment strategies in their teaching learning of English reading. They were not capable to develop or use technology based tests for assessment of reading. Besides, they focused less on development of reading skills but merely tried to complete the course so that students may pass the examination. Teachers’ only aim was to help students get through the annual examination. As a result, the students paid more attention on examination and less attention on reading skill. It was recommended that reading skills ought to be treated as integral part of the subject while evaluating learners’ skills of English as subject; it should be assessed and marked under a separate section within the exam paper. The teachers should be given proper training time to time to enable them to use latest teaching techniques and assessment strategies. Rather than to complete the course from examination point of view, the teachers should focus on development of reading skills. Latest audio visual aids including multi-media, projectors and computers should be used in teaching and assessing reading proficiency. A well developed reading assessment system equipped with modern technology should be established and reading progress chart of every student should be maintained accordingly for the attraction of students towards reading. In order to cultivate reading habit, the motivation of learners should be kept at the top priority. The teachers should observe, point out and get the reading problems of students solved. They should support and encourage the struggling students in this regard.