سردار پٹیل
افسوس ہے کہ گذشتہ ۱۵؍ دسمبر کو ہماری قومی عمارت کا ایک آہنی ستون گرگیا، اور سردار پٹیل ہم سے جدا ہوگئے، ملک و قوم کی راہ میں ان کی بڑی قربانیاں اور بڑی خدمات ہیں، وہ جنگ آزادی کے نامور ہیرو گاندھی جی کے دست راست اور جدید ہندوستان کے رکن اعظم تھے، گو قومی نقطہ نظر سے ان کے بعض خیالات صحیح نہیں تھے، جس سے ملک کو نقصان پہنچا، لیکن اس غلطی کے احساس اور اس کے برے نتائج دیکھنے کے بعد انہوں نے اس کی تلافی کی بھی پوری کوشش کی، فرقہ پرستی کی بھڑکتی ہوئی آگ کو انہی نے بجھایا، اور نہرو لیاقت پیکٹ کو انہی نے کامیاب بنایا، اگر ان کی تائید حاصل نہ ہوتی، تو ہندوستان اور پاکستان کی اقلیتوں پر دونوں ملکوں کی سرزمین تنگ ہوجاتی، اور آخر میں وہ اقلیتوں کے تحفظ، ملک میں قیامِ امن و پاکستان سے مفاہمت کے مسائل میں بڑی حد تک جواہر لال کے ہم نوا ہوگئے تھے، اور ملک کے ضبط و نظام اور امن و امان کا دارومدار انہی پر تھا، ان کا سب سے نمایاں وصف ان کا کوہ وقار عزم و استقلال تھا، وہ بولتے کم تھے، مگرجو کچھ کہتے یا چاہتے تھے، اس کو پورا کر کے رہتے تھے، ان کا سب سے بڑا کارنامہ ریاستوں کا انضمام ہے، جو انگریزوں سے بھی نہ ہوسکا تھا، انہوں نے تاریخ میں پہلی مرتبہ ہندوستان کو ایک متحدہ ملک بنایا آیندہ ہندوستان میں اس عزم و ارادہ کا انسان مشکل سے پیدا ہوگا ، اور اس کی تاریخ میں ان کانام ہمیشہ روشن رہے گا۔
(شاہ معین الدین ندوی، جنوری ۱۹۵۱ء)
Objective: In order to provide equal educational opportunities, community school networking is an emerging trend to facilitate inclusion of children with mild-moderate Autism. This quantitative research aims to investigate the effectiveness of community networking for children with Autism from Pakistani lower socio-economic stratum of society.
Study Design: Qualitative Research Design
Study Settings and Participants: Six mild-moderate autistic children were enrolled in three mainstreams schools and a liaison between these schools, and a rehabilitation center located in the same area was created to facilitate inclusion. The researchers interviewed six teachers from mainstream schools, three school administrators and one administrator of rehabilitation regarding the effectiveness of community school networking for children with Autism after eight months of this collaboration.
Data Collection Tool: Data were obtained through semi-structured interviews
Results: All participating administrators and teachers underscored the changes in social and behavioral patterns of autistic children which included an imitation of positive behaviors from peers, acceptance, and awareness as strengths of community school networking model. However, major challenges faced were unacceptability from parents of normal children, learning differences, curriculum modifications, time constraints and dependency on the resource teacher. The administrators and teachers recommended that creating awareness programs for parents of normal children, curriculum modifications and in-house psychologists can further facilitate inclusion of children with disabilities.
Conclusion: It was concluded that community school networking model can assist inclusive education and encourage engagement for all children, including those who are autistic.
Workflow technology is widely used for automation of business processes that supports their modeling, enactment, tracking, and analysis. Processes represented as workflows are composed of ordered and coordinated activities that integrate humans, resources, and applications. Workflow brings flexibility through explicit definition of processes enabling applications to be easily managed without disturbing the program code. Such unique characteristics of workflow technology enable it to be used in domains other than business also. In fact, workflow based programming brings a paradigm shift in the development of applications in more flexible, natural, and usable way. Recent advancement in communication, electronics, sensors, and software architectures pose requirements of context-aware applications that are dynamic, flexible, and adaptable. These applications are not limited to emerging domains like pervasive and ubiquitous computing but also required by traditional business processes to survive in today’s competitive market. The design and maintenance of context-aware applications may greatly be simplified by using workflows to represent variability associated with these applications. However, rigidity in workflow representation and enactment necessitates modifications and extensions in workflow technology before it could be adopted in context-aware application development. This thesis investigates key issues and challenges in adopting workflow technology for context-aware applications. Governed by the guiding principles of flexibility, adaptability, extensibility, reusability, autonomy, and usability; a generic framework for context-aware workflow design and management is presented. Making use of explicit modeling of context information, adaptation rule-set, and sub-workflows, a conventional workflow application may be transformed to become context-aware. A Context-Activity Architecture is presented that describes the integration and working of constituent components of context-aware workflow system. Most notably, an activity is represented as specially designed context-aware activity that adapts itself to a contextually suitable activity at runtime with the help of necessary functionality embedded within the activity itself. The proposed architecture is realized through the development of a context aware workflow designer tool (CAWD) using Windows Workflow Foundation classes. A couple of example scenarios and simulated testing elaborate and verify the intended adaptation operations and handling of evolutionary changes within a process that may be experienced by a context-aware workflow application.