غلام محمد صاحب (گورنر جنرل پاکستان)
افسوس ہے کہ غلام محمد صاحب گورنر جنرل پاکستان نے ایک طویل علالت کے بعد انتقال کیا، وہ نہ صرف اپنے عہدوں بلکہ دل و دماغ کے لحاظ سے بھی اس دور کے نامور لوگوں میں تھے، خصوصاً مالیات کے بڑے ماہر تھے، ایک زمانہ میں حکومت ہند اور ریاست حیدرآباد میں فنانس کے بڑے بڑے عہدوں پر ممتاز رہے تھے اور ہر جگہ اپنی مہارت فن کا ثبوت دیا، پاکستان کی گورنر جنرلی کے زمانہ میں ان کی سیاسی اور دماغی قابلیتیں نمایاں ہوئیں، چنانچہ انھوں نے بڑے نازک موقعوں پر پاکستان کی حکومت کو اپنی ہوشمندی اور قوت سے خطرات سے بچایا اور اس کے استحکام کی کوشش کی، گو ان کے بعض اقدام آمرانہ تھے، لیکن پاکستان جیسے ڈاواں ڈول سیاست والے ملک کے لیے ایسے ہی مضبوط لیڈر بلکہ ایک اچھے ڈکٹیٹر کی ضرورت ہے، اس کے بغیر اس کو استحکام نہیں ہوسکتا۔
ان کی قابلیتوں کے ساتھ ان کی ذات مختلف حیثیتوں سے بڑی غنیمت تھی، وہ پنجابی تھے لیکن ان کی تعلیم علی گڑھ میں ہوئی تھی، پھر ملازمت کے سلسلہ میں عرصہ تک دلی اور لکھنو میں رہے، اس لیے اس صوبہ کے لوگوں سے ان کے بڑے تعلقات تھے، پنڈت جواہر لال نہرو بھی ان کے دوستوں میں تھے، اس لیے قدرۃً اس کا اثر دونوں ملکوں کی سیاست پر بھی پڑتا تھا، چنانچہ غلام محمد صاحب مرحوم کی گورنر جنرلی کے زمانہ میں دونوں ملک ایک دوسرے کے بہت قریب آگئے تھے، جس کی توقع نئے اور اجنبی لوگوں سے نہیں ہوسکتی، مذہبی حیثیت سے راسخ العقیدہ بلکہ خوش عقیدہ مسلمان تھے، حج و زیارت سے بھی مشرف ہوئے تھے، حاجی وارث علی قدس سرہ سے ان کو بڑی عقیدت تھی، چنانچہ اپنی گورنر جنرلی کے زمانہ میں وہ ان کے مزار...
Embryology is such an academic discipline which was based upon the Qura’nic revelation purely and its details were provided by The Holy Prophet (SAW) whereas the scientists remained totally unaware of its intricate details until twentieth century. It was the time when they discovered various stages of the creation and development of fetus inside the mother’s womb and after examination of all these stages through various scientific instruments they openly admitted that Qura’nic verses about fetal development are absolutely accurate. Their acknowledgement is a strong evidence of the authenticity and veracity of The Holy Qura’n for scientific minded people. Not only this but these embryologists also admitted that the information provided in the Holy Qura’n and the A╒adith of The Holy Prophet (SAW) helped them a great deal in formulating the basic hypotheses of their research. So, these scientific discoveries are clear proofs of the miraculous character of Holy Qura’n. The current article is an effort to elaborate the link of modern embryology with the details given in the sacred literature of Islam.
Wheat is the major nutrient source worldwide and has a crucial place in agriculture and economy of Pakistan. Characterization of wheat genetic resource is imperative for breeders in developing databases helpful for parental selections as presence of variance has primary significance with respect to plant breeding. In this view, 77 wheat genotypes collected from different agro-climatic zones of country were characterized for seed biochemical and nutritional quality traits, distribution of glutenin subunits, allelic variations in Xuhw89 locus for grain protein content and yield parameters followed by cluster, principal component (PCA) and correlation analysis. Seed biochemical analysis, revealed a significant variation (p < 0.05) in genotypes for nutritional potential. Genotypic sources were identified for better antioxidant potential i.e. Pavon (APX), Pasban-90 (CAT), IQBAL-2000 (POD), Manthar-2003 (SOD), Bhakkar-2000 (TPC), hydrolytic enzymes i.e. SH-2002 (amylase and ascorbic acid), Dharabi 2011 (esterase), NR-234 (protease), grain protein i.e. Faisalabad-2008 (salt soluble protein), TC-4928 (albumins), MEXI PAK (globulins) and sugars i.e. Saleem 2000, Punjab-96 (sugars and soluble protein). Dharabi-2011 with lowest amylase, MEKI-PAK with lowest reducing sugars and higher seed protien and AARI-2011 with lowest gluten have potential for health implications. Correlations in seed nutritional parameters were identified while genotypes were clustered in four groups with highest distance between cluster- II and III. However, genotypes grouped into five clusters based on yield related traits having maximum distance in cluster-II and IV with spike length as principal component of varibility. Based on divergence in single kernel characteristics, genotypes with highest protein (GA2002, 16.5%), moisture (Marvi, 16.5%), starch (9244, 11%), zeleny (AARI-2011, 54.1%), gluten (2006, 44%), kernel weight (TC-4928, 41.6±9.5mg), kernel diameter (Sassui, 2.91±0.32mm), hardness index (Punjab 201191±39%) were identified and grouped in five clusters. Kernel weight, diameter, moisture and starch content were principal components of variability. SDS-PAGE revealed 30 allelic combinations for high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) at Glu-1 loci involved in bread making quality. Maximum frequency of allele 1 was found in twenty nine genotypes at Glu-A1 locus while high proportion of subunit pairs 13+16 and 2+12 were detected in 33 and 32 genotypes at Glu-B1 as well as Glu-D1 locus respectively. Few rare alleles were also detected. The quality scores ranged from 4-10, while highest quality score (10) was more frequent (36.36%). Analysis of microsatellite (functional SSR marker) Xuhw89 locus for grain protein content showed that 42% genotypes carry 126+130-bp allele with relatively higher salt soluble proteins and globulin while remaining possessed a 126-bp allele with higher total soluble protein and albumin. In conclusion, revealed divergence in seed biochemical and quality traits, allelic distribution for HMW-GS and Xuhw89 locus for grain protein content and yield parameters in Pakistani wheat germplasm followed by detailed cluster, PCA and association analysis will help breeders in selecting genotypes with desirable traits and designing the breeding program for crop improvement.