ندوی، عبدالرحمان نگرامی، مولانا
ہماری جماعت کا لعل شبِ چراغ گم ہوگیا
آہ! عبدالرحمانؔ
اس دو سال کے عرصہ میں ندوۃ العلماء نے اپنے کیا کیا گوہر آبدار کھوئے! ابوالحسنات مرحوم، مفتی یوسف مرحوم اور آہ کس زبان سے کہیں عبدالرحمان مرحوم! دارالعلوم ندوہ نے اپنی تیس برس کی مدت میں جتنے کارآمد اور علم دین کے خادم پیدا کئے، یقین کے ساتھ کہتاہوں کہ عبدالرحمان ان سب سے بہتر تھا، اﷲ تعالیٰ نے اس کی ذات میں علم و عمل کی ساری خوبیاں جمع کردیں تھیں۔
لیْسَ مِنَ اﷲ بمُسْتَنکر
اَنْ یَجْمَعَ الْعَالَمَ فِی وَاحد
خدا سے یہ محال نہیں، کہ دنیا کو ایک ذات میں جمع کردے۔
مرحوم کا وطن نگرام تھا، جو ضلع لکھنؤ کا ایک مردم خیز قصبہ ہے یہاں کے انصاریوں کا خاندان مدت سے اپنے آس پاس اور اطراف اودھ میں علم و ارشاد کی مسند ہے، مرحوم اسی خاندان کے فرزند تھے، وفات کے وقت ستائیس سال کی عمر تھی، گویا ۱۹۰۷ء کی پیدائش ہوگی، ابتدائی تعلیم گھر پر اپنے اعزہ سے حاصل کی غالباً ۱۹۰۷ء میں وہ دارالعلوم میں داخل ہوئے، اسوقت میں مدرسہ میں ادبیات کا معلم تھا اور مرحوم نے کچھ ابتدائی کتابیں مجھ سے پڑھیں تھیں، مرحوم کا بچپن آنکھوں کے سامنے ہے، اسی زمانہ سے جب وہ مدرسہ میں بہت چھوٹے سے تھے، وہ اچھی صاف اور سلجھی ہوئی تقریر کرتے تھے، چھوٹی سی عمر اور چھوٹے سے قد میں ان کی یہ اداسی دل فریب تھی کہ وہ جلسوں میں تماشہ بن جاتے تھے۔ مولانا شبلی مرحوم جو اچھی استعداد اور قابل جوہر کے ہمیشہ جویاں رہتے تھے وہ خاص طور سے مرحوم کی تربیت سے دلچسپی رکھتے تھے، ایک دو دفعہ جلسوں میں وہ اپنے ساتھ ان کو لے کر گئے، مدرسہ سرائے میر (اعظم گڑھ) کے پہلے یا دوسرے اجلاس...
Introduction: Adaptive expertise is the ability of individuals to create innovative solutions when they come across novel problems or workplace challenges. Clinicians are often adept at handling routine clinical procedures but lack confidence and a proper strategy when previously un-encountered situations arise. Lots of research has been conducted on basic concepts and development of adaptive expertise however major chunk of literature belongs to non- medical fields. Little is studied about assessment of adaptive expertise in medical professionals and postgraduate residents. Objective: To measure adaptive expertise (AE) of radiology residents and to assess any association between the AE of postgraduate radiology residents (PGR) and their years of training. Methods: This multicenter correlational study involved 181 radiology residents from nine major teaching hospital of Lahore, Pakistan from May to October 2019. Katerina Bohle Carbonell Adaptive Expertise Inventory was used as a data collection tool. The questionnaire contained a total of eleven items encompassing two dimensions of AE: domain-specific and innovative skills. Total scores representing AE of PGRs were measured. AE scores and years of training were correlated using Spearman rho correlation. One-way ANOVA was conducted to further evaluate the association between AE and years of postgraduate training. Results: Out of 181 residents there were 78 (43.1%) males and 103 (56.9%) females. Most of them, 97 (53.6%) were enrolled in four years fellowship (FCPS) program and 62 (34.3%) were in the first year of their residency. Total AE scores of all radiology residents ranged from 33 to 54. AE scores and years of residency were positively correlated (rs= 0.4, p < 0.01). One-way ANOVA and Post hoc comparisons using Tukey HSD test further revealed significant pairwise differences between mean scores of residents’ groups (p = < 0.05) rejecting the null hypothesis. Conclusion: Overall, this study concludes that residents acquire adaptive expertise perpetually with progression in their training. KEYWORDS: Adaptive Expertise (AE), Radiology, Postgraduate Residents (PGRs)
This thesis describes the purposeful fabrication of TiO2 photoanode based dye sensitized solar cells (DSCs) and their detailed characterization. The aim was to investigate the structural function relationship of the photoanode on the photovoltaic performance of the devices. The hierarchical anatase TiO2 microspheres (Tmic) and nanoparticles (Tnano), with an average particle size of 0.38 µm and 20 nm, were synthesized by low cost solution and hydrothermal methods, respectively. Highly screen printable pastes of the Tmic and Tnano have been developed to prepare bifunctional films, with increased light scattering and large surface area, for the solar cells. These advantageous properties of TiO2 microspheres were evidenced by the evaluation of electrochemical and photoelectrochemical characterization. In the DSCs, these films lead to a 32% increase in conversion efficiencies when compared to those with the films of TiO2 nanoparticles only. The efficiency was further improved by TiCl4 post-treatment. In the second part of the study, the anatase TiO2 microspheres were annealed at elevated temperature of 500 oC and 900 oC for one hour in order to obtain highly crystalline and phase pure anatase and rutile TiO2 microspheres, respectively. These microspheres were used as the upper light scattering layer in a double layered structure with Tnano as the lower dye sensitization layer in anatase phase. Remarkable improvement of 48 % and 58 % in the power conversion efficiency was recorded for anatase and rutile microspherical TiO2 scattering layers respectively, in comparison to the devices having no scattering layer composition. In particular, the performance of rutile TiO2 microspheres as light scattering layer was quite high (6.3 %) due its high refractive index (2.79) than the anatase phase (2.54). Thirdly, to further improve the efficiency of the DSCs based on double layered photoanodes, the compact blocking layers were introduced beneath the absorber layer. The blocking layers of TiO2 and ZnO/TiO2 were deposited on FTO surface by electrostatic layer by layer deposition method at room temperature. These blocking layers physically blocked the access of redox electrolyte and retarded the electron back reaction at FTO/meso-TiO2/electrolyte interface.A considerable increase in electron life time (18 ms to 42 ms) was observed with these DSCs which resulted in larger short circuit current densities and higher overall power conversion efficiencies up to 9.0 %. In the fourth part of investigation, the results of differently modified pastes, using commercial TiO2 nanoparticles as the major component, have been presented. The focus iii was on the optimization of the concentration of binders and the rheological agents to develop high quality screen printed TiO2 films. The properties discussed include the porosity, cracks and aggregates, connectivity of the particles, their strong adherence to FTO surface, charge transport, and the dye uptake ability. Among the various pastes, the best paste was utilized for the screen printed photoanodes, to optimize the film thickness and the annealing temperature. The best photovoltaic performance was achieved with three layers of commercial TiO2 film of 15 µm thickness and annealed at 500oC. Finally, in the light of findings of the present research work and overall literature review, the worldly established overall certified power conversion efficiency (13%) achieved by DSCs at laboratory scale and submodule level so far in comparison to other competent solar cell technologies have been summarized.Further, the prospect of future development of DSCs to become industrially mature technology has been presented by analyzing the different challenges that needs to be carefully controlled.