شاعر حضرات اپنی بات بعض اوقات علامتوں کے ذریعے بھی کہتے ہیں ۔ اسے مرصع سازی کہہ لیں یا صناعی مگر یہ ضرور ہے کہ ایک تو یہ شاعر کا فن ہے۔ جو خوبصورت علامات کا استعمال کرتا ہے اور دوسرا یہ کہ اس سے شاعری میں حسن و لطافت پیدا ہو جاتی ہے۔ بعض اوقات تو یہ بھی دیکھنے میں آیا ہے کہ علامتیں شاعروں سے منسوب بھی ہو جاتی ہیں ۔ دراصل شاعر کی یہ خوبی ہوتی ہے کہ وہ اپنے فن سے اپنی استعمال کردہ علامت کی اہمیت میں اضافہ کردیتا ہے اور اس کا مفہوم وسیع تر بنا دیتا ہے۔ پروفیسر عبد الحق کہتے ہیں:
” فن کار مروجہ لفظوں میں نئے مفاہیم پیدا کر کے ان کے قد و قامت کو وسیع تر
ممکنات کا حامل بنا دیتا ہے“ (1)
غالب نے اردو شاعری کو علامت نگاری کے نئے تصور سے متعارف کرایا اور نادر علامتوں سے اردو شاعری کی حدود کو وسعت عطا کی۔ زنجیر، صحرا، نقش پا، دیوار ، بیاباں ، وحشت ، موج وغیرہ کئی علامتیں ہیں جنہیں غالب نے نیا رنگ عطا کیا۔
احباب چارہ سازی و حشت نہ کر سکے
زنداں میں بھی خیال بیاباں نورد تھا (2)
غالب کے بعد زیادہ اہمیت اقبال کی ہے۔ اقبال نے ضرورت کے تحت علامات کو تخلیق کیا۔ اقبال نے جو علامتیں تخلیق کی ہیں غالب کے مقابلے میں وہ آسان ہیں اور ان کے مقاصد و مفاہیم کی وسعت بھی بے پناہ ہے۔ اقبال سے پہلے علامت نگاری کی روایت میں عام تشبیہ اور استعارے سے کام لیا جاتا تھا جس میں مقصدیت کا عنصر مفقود تھا۔غالب کے ہاں کچھ جرات مندی نظر آتی ہے جس کا سہارا لے کر اقبال نے بھی قدم آگے بڑھایا۔ ہاں یہ ضرور ہے کہ شعر و شاعری کی جتنی بھی روایات ہیں...
Media has wide spectrum in modern world such that it is known as fourth pillar of state. Media has made convenient and has provided numerous facilities. Apart from this media also has shortcoming. Media has wide application in modern world and it is used for different purposes but it has influenced the field of business significantly. In field of business there are various methods to advertise their products and goods but the role of media cannot be neglected nowadays. The owners of industries and factories find it the most suitable ways of enhancing the sale of their products and goods. Therefore advertising has become the most profitable and productive source of income because every company spend a huge amount in order to advertise their products. The Islam has allowed the human being to widen their business through fair means but it is necessary to analyze the Islamic and moral perspective of advertisement so that Muslims may know about the limitation of issue and under its constraints they can be benefited. In this article we will elaborate the Islamic significance and limitations of advertising.
The consanguineous marriages are strongly favored in many human populations but their prevalence and structure vary depending on culture, religion, and socioeconomic conditions of respective population. These marriages are reported as the leading cause of enhancing the prevalence of autosomal recessive genetic disorders. The challenge of genetic disorders’ burden in the population calls for the development of prevention programs. But the strategies for their implementation require the information about types and prevalence of genetic disorders and family system in population. These achievements are possible by thorough understanding of the determinants of human population genetic structure that is mainly determined by the marriage pattern. Furthermore, the pattern of close marriages in population along with other factors leads to develop the isolated groups having typically confined, well- documented, extended and multigenerational pedigrees. The extended pedigrees with rare disorders are used by geneticists for their linkage studies. Present study focuses on consanguinity and genetic disorders in the population of District Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan because of its unique geographical location and population structure. The district Dera Ghazi Khan is situated in the center of Pakistan, bounded on the North by Dera Ismail Khan District of N.W.F.P; on the West by Musa Khel and Barkhan districts of Baluchistan, on the South by Rajan Pur, and on the East by river Indus that separates it from all other districts of Punjab province. The population of Dera Ghazi Khan is mainly a tri-ethnic mixture of Baloch, Natives (Non-Baloch) and Indian Migrants (Muhajirs). Social and cultural activities vary in the area but marriages are mostly endogamous within caste or tribes. The harsh and adverse environmental condition restricts the movement of people that result in development of extended families /founder population. The present study showed 70.52% endogamous marriages in the general population and 71.62%, 69.62%, and 70.42% in Baloch, Migrant, and Native populations, respectively. Furthermore high rate of consanguinity (53.57%) with 0.0301 mean coefficient of inbreeding was observed in general population. The first-cousin marriages were found more prevalent. The results were also discussed on the bases of educational status, occupation, and socioeconomic condition and a strong link with these factors wasobserved. Furthermore, statistically significant effect of consanguinity on pregnancy loss (miscarriages, abortions, prenatal deaths), and perinatal deaths (still births, birth of dead child and early neonatal deaths) were found. In addition, the effect of marriage types on specific group of genetic disorders like skin disorders (Albinism, EDs, Alopecia, Aposthia, etc), non-syndromic deafness, and thalassemia were also studied. Five families (A, B, C, D, and E) clinically showed the presence of abnormal nails and skin. In the affected individuals, nychodystrophy of fingernails and toenails started at the same time but differentially lead to anonychia on toenails and onycholysis on fingernails. The skin was abnormal, which bruises and blisters easily. The affected individuals of these skin families showed abnormally high sweating, missing finger-prints and palmoplantar keratoderma. Two families (F, G) exhibited typical features of congenital alopecia including absence of hair on the scalp, axillae, pubic, and other parts of the body. In Family F, linkage was established to hair loss locus on chromosome 8p21. Sequence analysis of HR gene revealed a single base pair deletion mutation at position 431(431delC) in exon 2, leading to frameshifts and premature termination codon 68 bp downstream in the same exon. In family G, genotyping with microsatellite markers failed to detect linkage to any of the known alopecia / ED locus. In three families (H, I, J) affected individuals had pre-lingual, severe to profound hearing loss, with no associated abnormality. The mode of inheritance of the hearing loss was autosomal recessive. Analysis of the genotypes revealed the linkage of the family H to the DFNB35 on chromosome 14, family I, to the locus DFNB44 on chromosome 7, and family J to the DFNB1 locus on chromosome 13. In family J, sequence analysis of the coding exon of GJB2 gene led to the identification of a G-to-A substitution at nucleotide position 71, resulting in a premature stop codon (W24X). For studying the spectrum of β-thalassemia mutations in the population, 164 β- thalassemia chromosomes obtained from 82 different families were analyzed and nine different mutations [IVS I-5, FSC8/9, FSC-5 (-CT), IVS-I-1(G-T), CD41/42 (-TTCT), IVS-II-848 (C-A) and CD 15 (G-A), CD16 (-C) and CD30 (G-C)] in the β-globin gene were detected. Interestingly, frequencies of these mutations vary among different ethnic groups as well as castes/ tribes.