مولانا عبدالحق مدنی
دوسرا حادثہ مولانا عبدالحق صاحب مدنی کی وفات کا ہے، وہ ہندوستان کے ممتاز علماء میں تھے، ان کی پیدائش تعلیم و تربیت اور نشوونما مدینہ طیبہ میں ہوئی تھی، اس لیے مدنی کہلاتے تھے۔ دینی علوم میں مہارت کے علاوہ عربی زبان و ادب میں اہل زبان کی جیسی بصیرت حاصل تھی، مرادآباد کی شاہی مسجد کے مشہور مدرسہ میں درس و اہتمام کی خدمت انجام دیتے تھے، اور ادب یہ مدرسہ ان ہی کی بدولت چل رہا تھا، اﷲ تعالیٰ دینی علوم کے اس خادم کو عالم آخرت کی سربلندی سے سرفراز فرمائے، اب زمانہ کے اثر سے ہماری دینی درسگاہوں کا رنگ بھی بدلتا جاتا ہے، اور نئے علماء میں وہ روح نہیں پیدا ہوتی جو پرانے علماء کا طغرائے امتیاز تھی، اس لیے ان میں جو یادگار مٹ جاتی ہے اس کا بدل نہیں پیدا ہوتا۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، ستمبر ۱۹۵۵ء)
Sir Syed Aḥmed Khān belonged to a famous family of the subcontinent during the late Mughal and early British colonial period. He was famous for his close relations with the colonial government. He served many years in the judiciary. In recognition of his services, he was conferred upon with various titles such as Sir, The Imperial Advisor, etc. He is the founder of the educational campaign which was later known as the Aligarh movement. He was worried about the future of Muslims in India. This worry forced him to produce various literary and Islamic books to uplift the political, cultural, educational and social status of the Indian Muslims. One of his famous contribution to Islamic literature of Quranic exegeses is his Tafsīr al-Qur’ān. His tafsīr is influenced by western thoughts. He, instead of following the traditional methodology of Quranic exegeses, tried to understand the Quranic verses rationally. This led him to deviate from many established concepts of Islamic doctrines. He went against the Muslims’ affirmed beliefs in his exegesis. He mistrusted some of the basics of Islamic thoughts and tried his best to make new parameters of writing & reading of the Quranic exegesis on human logics. In addition, some of his views show certain relevance to the Mu'tazilites school of thought. The aim of this paper is to present an analytical and a critical evaluation of the exegetical opinions of Sir Syed Aḥmed Khān, particularly on the issues where he deviated from the mainstream Islamic thoughts in his exegesis, Tafsīr al-Qur’ān.
Farmer Field School (FFS) always aims to facilitate farmers about field ecology and integrated crop management. The study was conducted in 2012-13 to analyze the activities of Farmer Field School approach, interaction of extension personnel/facilitators with farmers and adoption ratio of FFS approach. It also investigates the different stages of crops and their associated management practices and to determine increase in per acre yield of the crop and profit maximization margin per acre. A study of bitter gourd crop was conducted in ten villages of district Charsadda and the study of tomato crop was conducted in ten villages of district Malakand. Fifteen farmers were selected randomly from each village on the basis of 60% of FFS population and making sample size of 300. Both primary and secondary data were collected from farmers and department of agricultural extension respectively. Structured interview schedule was developed and each farmer was interviewed personally. The study was based on comparison of cost, yield and income of bitter gourd and tomato before and after FFS. Paired t-test was conducted using SPSS for analysis. Result of the study show that agricultural extension department has brought a positive change in the attitude of farmers through FFS approach. About 69% of the respondents were growing bitter gourd in Charsadda between the ages of 31-50 years, Majority 77% of respondents was literate and 23% were illiterate. Average land holding size was 9.89 acres; Cost of fertilizer, crop protection from insect pest and crop protection from diseases was reduced by Rs. 2264.17, Rs. 3379.97and Rs. 3181.19 respectively. The cost of seed and cost of farm yard manure was increased by Rs.1923.07 and Rs. 1204.66 respectively while bitter gourd yield was increased by 988 Kg/acre from 17384.60 to 18372.60. In district Malakand66% of the respondents were between the age group of 31-50 years, 58% of respondents were literate while 42.0% were illiterate. Cost of seed, crop protection from insect pest and crop protection from diseases was reduced by Rs. 210.67, Rs. 2592.10 and Rs. 3127.98 respectively. The cost of fertilizers and cost of farm yard manure was increased by Rs.1548.87 and Rs. 1151.33 respectively, while tomato yield was increased by 1585.03 kg/acre from 7663.87 to 9248.90 kg/acre. It is concluded that empirical activities of FFS approach is not only beneficial and useful but enhanced the agricultural productivity. Interaction of extension agents with farmers increased awareness and propagated 11 new technologies related to tomato and bitter gourd resultantly improved the socio-economic conditions of farmers. It is recommended that extension department should extend developmental activities through participatory FFS approach. Trainings, seminars and refresher courses should be arranged for both FFS facilitators and farmers.