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An Empirical Analysis of Food Demand in Pakistan

Thesis Info

Author

Amna Afzal

Department

Department of Economics, QAU

Program

Mphil

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2011

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

iv, 67

Subject

Economics

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/M. Phil. ECO/615

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676715330882

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’’حقانی رباعیات‘‘ میری نظر میں

’’حقانی رباعیات‘‘ میری نظر میں

شاعری ایک خوبصورت اور من موہنی صنف رْباعی ہے۔ رْباعی کا لفظ رْبع سے نکلا ہے۔عربی زبان میں اربعہ کے معنی ’’چار‘‘ کے ہیں۔اس وجہ سے ایسی صنف شاعری کو رْباعی کہا جائے گا جس کے چار مصرعے ہوں۔

شاعری کی اصطلاح میں رْباعی اس صنف کا نام ہے جس میں مخصوص وزن کے چار مصرعوں میں ایک مضمون یا خیال بیان کیا جاتا ہے۔یعنی رْباعی وہ شعری صنف ہے جس میں عروض کے ماہرین کے مقرر کیے ہوئے خاص وزن،خیال کی وحدت اور بیان کے تسلسل کی پابندی بہت ضروری ہے۔

رْباعی میں بیان کے تسلسل اور خیال کی آہستہ آہستہ بڑھوتری کے اظہار کے لیے ضروری ہے کہ رباعی کے چار وں مصرعے زنجیر کی گھریوں کی طرح ایک دوسرے سے جڑے ہوئے ہوں،الفاظ کا چناؤ موضوع اور خیال کے مطابق ہو پہلے مصرعے میں مناسب الفاظ کے ذریعے خیال کے بارے میں معلومات دی جائیں۔دوسرے اور تیسرے مصرعے میں خیال مکمل طور پر پورے زور و شعور کے ساتھ ڈرامائی انداز میں پیش کیا جائے کیوں کہ چوتھا مصرعہ ہی رباعی کے مجموعی تاثر اور خلاصے کو بیان کرتا ہے۔اس میں ہی رباعی کا اصل خیال یا مضمون کو بیان کیا جاتا ہے جس کی خاطر رباعی لکھی گئی ہے۔

جہاں تک رباعی کے مضامین اور موضوعات کا تعلق ہے۔اس صنف کاآغازمذہبی مضامین کے بیان سے ہوا۔شروع شروع میں حمد،نعت اور توحید کا ذکر ہی رباعی میں کیا جاتا تھا۔پھر آہستہ آہستہ صوفیانہ خیالات ،معرفت کے مضامین رباعی کے موضوعات بن گئے۔صوفیاء کرام کا دین کی تبلیغ کا کام کرنا،لوگوں کو اخلاق کا درس دینا اور معاشرے کی اصلاح یہ سبھی مضامین صوفی شعراء نے رباعی میں بیان کیے۔اگر فارسی رباعی پر نظر ڈالی جائے تو...

اعتناء المستشرقين بالواقدي وكتابه المغازي دراسة تحليلية

Muhammad ibn ‘Umr Al-W฀qid฀ is considered to be one of the most famous early Muslim historians. Despite being disputed among the circle of Muhaddith฀n, he was popular among the early Muslim historians. He got recognition and fame as a historian in the 2nd half of 2nd century of Hijrah. In fact, he was an outstanding historian who introduced new trends in writing and composition of historic narratives. The early Muslim historians cited and quoted Al-W฀qid฀ freely where they needed him without any kind of reluctance. It is well to know that western orientalists pay special attention to AlW฀qid฀ and his book "Al-Magh฀z฀ ". Perhaps it is not due to their biasness or impartiality, but for the excellent work of Al-W฀qid฀. In this regard, they think that Al-W฀qid฀ is more accurate and clear in giving details and judgments about historical events than any other early Muslim historian. Al-W฀qid฀ 's dating of historical events is more acute and correct. He owns what he produces and narrates. Moreover, he seems to be sensitive and aware of consequences of what he writes in his book " Al-Magh฀z฀ ", that is why we see him sometime indulging in some issues extra-ordinarily and proving and disproving what he thinks right or wrong by logical (internal and external) criticism. Al-W฀qid฀ explores historical events and tries to know about root causes of their happening and finally analyzes their consequences. These are some special qualities of Al-W฀qid฀ 's work in the eyes of western orientalists. In this article, I have tried to highlight these aspects of Al-W฀qid฀ 's work from the oriental literature.

Molecular Characterization of Human Recombinant Interleukin-1Ra Mutants

Aim of the present study is the expression of biological active interleukin 1receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and its mutants in prokaryotic as well as in eukaryotic expression system. cDNA was isolated from human placenta and gallbladderfor cloning and expression studies. To amplify the target gene, conditions were optimized by using the gene specific primers of the interleukin-1Ra gene. Amplified product about 500bp comprises of the coding region of interleukin-1 Ra was cloned in plasmid PCR 2.1. Recombinant was confirmed by analyzing through colony PCR and restriction digestion. Sequence verification of the gallbladder cDNA derived clone showed 100% homology with the reported sequence of interleukin-1Ra. Another part of the current study that presented in the thesis is to deal with some modification to interleukin-1Ra gene by site directed mutagenesis and to study the effects of these modifications on protein expression, solubilization, refolding and their effects on biological activity as compared with the wild type recombinantinterleukin-1receptor antagonist (rhIL-1Ra). As interleukin-1Ra contain four cysteine residues at position 66, 69,116 and122(Schreuder et al. 1995). Two cysteine residues 69 and 116 are involved in disulphide bridge formation and are responsible for biological activity of the interleukin 1Ra while cysteine at 66 and 122 positions are not involved in disulphide bridge formation. So it was proposed that substitution of these free cysteines with serine amino acid may be helpful to generate recombinant interleukin-1Ra mutants with more homogenicity, high reproducibility and with enhanced specific activity. By performing site directed mutagenesis replaced the cysteine 66 to alanine, cysteine 66 to serineand both cysteine 66& 122 replaced to serine and similarly delete the cysteine residue at position 66, both 66&122, and 116. Screen the positive mutated vi clone with sequence verification. In order to evaluate the expression study in bacterial system the above positive mutated clones (WrhIL-1Ra, Mutant1 (Cys66Ala), Mutant 2 (Cys66Ser), Mutant3 (Cys66&122Ser), Mutant 4 (Cys66 deleted), Mutant 5 (Cys66&122 deleted) and Mutant 6 (Cys116 deleted) were cloned into the expression vector PET 30 under T7 promoter. Different E-coli expression host strains such as, RossettaDE3, BL21DE3PLys, BL21DE3 were used to evaluate the high level expression of interleukin 1Ra protein. A high expression level of IL-1Ra was observed in the E-coli expression host strain Rossetta2DE3 as compared to BL21DE3 and BL21DE3PLys. Fermentation conditions were optimized for high expression yield of IL-1Ra. High expression levels and cell biomass were observed in both M 9 modified and auto induction media. Usually the over expressed protein in eukaryotic system is unable to fold in proper conformation and are deposited as insoluble inclusion bodies (IBs). To obtain the active protein from these aggregates conditions were optimized for inclusion bodies isolation, solubilization, refolding and purification. Refold the solubilized inclusion bodies. The refolding yield of rhIL-1Ra mutated clone (as analyzed byRP-HPLC) 60%(Mutant 1, Mutant 2 and Mutant 3), 70% (Mutant 4), 75%(Mutant 5) and 50%(Mutant 6) respectively was observed. Prior to the ion exchange chromatography refolded protein of all the mutants were diafilterd to remove the salts and refolding additives. RhIL-1Ra and its mutant proteins were further purified using AKTA system by ion exchange on DEAE Sepharose column. Purified protein with a yield (WT 300mg/L, Mutant1 (Cys66Ala) 300mg/L, Mutant2 (Cys66Ser) 312mg/L, Mutant3 (Cys66&122Ser) 327mg/L, Mutant 4 (Cys66 deleted) 343mg/L, Mutant 5 (Cys66&122 deleted) 390mg/L and Mutant 6 (Cys116 deleted) 213mg/L respectively was obtained (with 98% purity) as characterized by SDS-PAGE, HPLC and western blot analysis. Biological activity of rhIL-1Ra was calculated by inhibition results of vii thymocyte proliferative response to rhIL-1Ra as described (Tan et al. 2005). Purified protein of all the mutant shows inhibition of thymocyte proliferation to some extent but when compare to wild type IL-1Ra no significant difference in activity was observed in the wild type and in Mutant1 (Cys66Ala). It was observed that biological activity of the Mutant 2 (Cys66ser) and Mutant 3 (Cys66 &122 Ser) displayed 3 fold and 7 fold higher activity than the wild type IL-1Ra. Mutant 4 (Cys66 deleted) and Mutant5 (Cys66 &122 deleted) although express high yield protein, but dramatically had 5 fold and 10 fold low activities as compared to wild type IL-1Ra. While Mutant 6 (Cys116 deleted) showed 50 fold less activity. In Conclusion we constructed six mutants (Cys66Ala, Cys66Ser, Cys66&122Ser, Cys66 deleted, Cys66&122deleted, Cys116deleted) by site-directed mutagenesis and characterized. Optimization in expression and purification process significantly enhanced the expression and product yield of the some mutants of rhIL-1Ra. These modifications enhance the mutants (Cys66Ser, Cys66&122Ser) activity as compared to the native rhIL 1Ra. The strategy applied here may also be helpful to express and purify other functional therapeutic proteins