Intake of Anti-Epileptic Drugs and their Influences on Sexual Dysfunctions

Epilepsy which is also called seizures disorder is an uncontrolled action of the central nervous system. It is not a single disease but a set of neurological disorders. Actually in this situation, the brain does not receive a precise signal and as a result an abnormal condition is produced that is usually involuntary in action. In this review, we aimed to focus on the relationship of anti-epileptic drugs with sexual dysfunction and adaptation of better remedies that improve a patient’s family life. Sexual dysfunction is a common comorbidity in people with epilepsy which badly affects their quality of life. Sexual dysfunction is caused by different factors like psychiatric problems, anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) and social factors etc. Sexual dysfunctions include ejaculatory failure, lessen libido, penile erection in men and irregular menstrual cycle in women. Common drugs such as Topiramate, Gabapentin (GBP), Valproate (VA), Carbamazepine (CBZ), Olanzapine (OL) and Risperidone (RTG) that are in practice to treat epilepsy usually produced adverse effect on sexual dysfunction. Even though a lot of studies have been carried out to control sexual dysfunction in epilepsy’s patient, but still research is going on. Medicine such as Cyproheptadine, Mianserin, Buspirone, Yohimbine were found better to treat epilepsy with minimum side effects of sexual dysfunction. Moreover, it is also seen that certain vasodilators,  folate , and vitamin supplements are effective in improving the quality of life.

A Study on Standardization and Quality Management Model for University Education

The purpose of this study was to find out the current status regarding the quality of academic processes in National University of Modern Languages (NUML) Islamabad. The study was intended to identify views and opinions of teachers and students about the quality of academic processes of university. Academic processes addressed learning, research, community service, curriculum, teaching methods and evaluation. The study focused on the quality management practices in NUML for teaching and learning processes and to suggest a comprehensive framework for the quality management of the university. The idea of quality management in higher education is not new, and several attempts have been made to apply the quality management models in higher education. The models employed for quality management in higher education were mostly derived from the industrial models i.e. Total Quality Management Model, ISO, EFQM etc. The researcher examined the quality concepts and approaches in higher education and intended to suggest a model for quality management in higher education. For this purpose as an initial step, an attempt has been made by the researcher to propose a framework for National University of Modern Languages Islamabad. After the successful implementation of the suggested model the research could be of benefit to the other universities of Pakistan. The sample comprised random selection of 80 teachers and 175 students from NUML to know their views about the quality of NUML. An individual questionnaire was developed both for students and teachers. Data was collected, tabulated, analyzed and interpreted using statistical measures. Based on that, the researcher has suggested a framework for the quality management of university.