1۔قتل عمد
کوئی شخص ، کسی کو ایسے ہتھیار سے مارے جس کی ضرب سے عام طور پر انسان مرجاتا ہے اور اس ضرب سے اس کو مارنے کا ارادہ بھی رکھتاہو، تو یہ قتل عمد کہلائے گا۔ یہ قتل کی سب سے مہلک قسم ہے اور اس پر سب سے زیادہ سزا رکھی گئی ہے تاکہ کوئی بھی انسانی جان کو قتل کرنے کی کو شش نہ کرے۔
One of the greatest epistemological accomplishments that Muslims have achieved is the establishment of an accurate system of deriving rulings from Sharia texts, which is known as ‘principles of jurisprudence’ or Usūl ul Fiq. Among the significant contents of these subject is dealing with the text which apparently contradicts to other basic principles of Islam or objectives of Sharī’ah. The job of a jurist becomes more significant and difficult in devising the judgments and interpreting the texts as reported by the fundamentalists: inquiring the validity of the texts, finding its weakness with respect to strong argument, and comparing them in terms of authenticity. Other times, he tries to reconcile between the contradictions by keeping in view a meaning consistent with Sharī’ah. The application of these principles gave birth to the variety and diversity of opinions on account of Ijtihād. Keeping in view the above preamble, the author addressed one of the famous Ahadith of Holy Prophet PBUH: “I have been ordered to fight against the people until they testify.”. This saying of Holy Prophet PBUH attracted Muslim thinkers in past and present to address its meanings and application. Likewise some related debate has emerged in the modern period as regards whether the term "people" in the hadith is used generically or specifically - forcing these people to Islam after defeating? The author in this context, addressed the terminology of hadith, its apparent contradiction with the principles of Sharī’ah, legal maxims, provisions, diverse interpretations, and added his own opinion. Descriptive and qualitative research approach was employed for the collection, demonstration and analysis of data.
Textile composite materials are extensively used for high-tech applications like aerospace, ballistics, automotive, sports, etc. Ballistics are one of the hot research topics owing to the law and order issues around the globe. Conventionally the ballistic composite materials are produced by laminating 2D fabrics. The composite materials fabricated from 3D woven textile reinforcement are widely studied for different applications, but fewer products are being manufactured from them. This research focused to investigate the effect of fillers on the performance of 2D laminated composites and weaving parameters (stuffer yarn count and binding thread density) on the ballistic performance of 3D composite materials. Firstly, the composites were fabricated using silica nano-fillers to reinforce the Kevlar/epoxy composites. It was found that the addition of silica nano-fillers results in the formation of hybrid composite materials that offer improved flexural, tensile and impact properties. Optimum properties were obtained at a filler concentration of 8%. Limited data is available on the properties of 3D woven structures and the associated composite materials. Therefore, the subsequent studies investigated the effect of weaving parameters (stuffer yarn count and binding thread density) on the properties of 3D woven structures. An extensive experimentation was performed to understand the behavior of 3D woven structures using flax fibre, owing to the high cost of para-aramid. Novel hybrid 3D woven structures were produced, and it was seen that increase in stitching points in a 3D structure increase the mechanical properties and energy absorption of the fabric. Similarly, addition of stuffer yarn in the 3D woven structure leads to improved mechanical properties. Based on the performance of the developed composites, structures with better performance were reproduced with para-aramid to fabricate composite materials. The energy absorption behviour of these composite materials was investigated using an indigenously developed setup. The energy absorption was also modelled numerically for these composites to validate the experimental results. It was found that the woven structure with more stuffer yarns and high binding density exhibits better performance and can be potentially used to produce the ballistic vest.