خون حرا م ہے: حلال انڈسٹری کے بنیادی قرآنی معیار کا تحقیقی جائزہ

Healthy nourishment depends on healthy food. General consideration of people is of being the food safe and edible for human consumption not its effect on their spiritual selves but the Islamic terms Ḥalāl and Ḥarām emphasis on both physical and internal safety. Islam commands to avoid doubtful and dubious things rather than to use Ḥarām. The unprecedented evolution and advancement of science and technology caused a revolution in the food-science and technology as well. Many new and innovative flavors etc. Took place of organic and natural consumables. Accordingly, the Muslims were in dire need of a robust system which would be able to convince them of the Ḥalāl status of the daily consumables. The article investigates the Sharī’ah stand on the issue of blood in the light of Qur’ān, Sunnah and comparative jurisprudence study, and modern sciences related to blood. Keeping in mind the Globalized Halal Industry all the researched is coupled with combined comparative study of all Schools of Islamic Fiqh, to make easy the way of Unified Halaal Standard regarding the blood. Under the main title The paper comprises subtopics of an introduction and few chapters, which deal with definition and functions of blood, types of blood, difference between blood of aquatic and land animals, comparative study of modern sciences related to blood and Shariah status of use of the blood in various industries in term of Halal and Haram.

Cross-Term Suppression in Wigner Distribution

Wigner Distribution, one of many methods to compute time frequency represen- tation, satisfies large number of mathematical properties and gives optimal energy concentration in time frequency plane. However, Wigner distribution suffers from severe cross-term interference problem, which limits its scope for practical appli- cations. Different modified versions of Wigner distribution have been developed to over- come its cross-term interference problem. Most of these techniques suppresses cross-term on the expense of quality of auto-terms. Schemes that compleltely remove cross-terms without affecting the resolution of Wigner distribution are computationally very expensive. This research proposes a computationally efficient solution to cross-term inter- ference problem based on image processing and fractional filtering. Signal com- ponents are located in time frequency plane using image processing. Fractional filters are then applied to separate signal components. Wigner distribution of separated signal components is computed and added up to obtain cross-term free crisp time frequency representation. Performance of the proposed time frequency representation is evaluated both on synthetic and real life bat signals. One of the most significant application of Wigner distribution is instantaneous frequency estimation of signals. However, Wigner distribution based instantaneous frequency can only be applied to mono-component signal because of its cross- term problem. In this study we extend Wigner distribution based instantaneous frequency estimation scheme to multi-component signals having non-overlapping time frequency representation.