تانیثیت
تانیثیت کا تعلق براہِ راست عورت اور اس کے حقوق سے ہے۔تانیثی تحریک کا بنیادی مقصد عورتوں کو مردوں کے برابرسیاسی ، سماجی ، معاشرتی، معاشی اور قانونی برابری دینا۔ تانیثی تحریک عورتوں کے لیے انصاف کی طالب ہے ، معاشرے میں رائج مختلف امتیازات کے خاتمے کا اعلان کرتی ہے۔اردو افسانے میں نمائندہ خواتین افسانہ نگاروں کے ہاں تانیثی ر جحان دیکھنے کو ملتا ہے۔ جہاں عورتیں سماجی، معاشی ، سیاسی، معاشرتی اور علاقائی مسائل پر قلم اٹھا رہی ہیں اس کے ساتھ ساتھ عورتوں کے ساتھ پیش آنے والے مسائل کو بھی قلم بند کر رہی ہیں۔اس ضمن میں غور کریں تو ذکیہ مشہدی ایک معتبر نام ہے۔ انہوں نے عورتوں کی زندگی کو بڑی فنکاری سے پیش کیا۔ان کو افسانہ’’تھکے پاؤں‘‘اور’’حصار‘‘تانیثی پہلو سے ان کے بہترین افسانے ہیں۔نسائی زندگی کو بیان کرنے والی ایک اور اہم افسانہ نگار ترنم ریاض بھی ہیں۔ترنم ریاض کی عورت مشرقی تہذیب کی نمائندگی بھی کرتی ہے اور بغاوت کا جذبہ بھی رکھتی ہے۔ ان کا افسانہ’’ ہم تو ڈوبے صنم‘‘ اسی قسم کا افسانہ ہے۔ ا س کے علاوہ نگار عظیم،شائستہ فخری،غزالہ ضیغم اور دیگر افسانہ نگاروں نے عورتوں کے حوالے سے اپنے خیال کو جس طرح تخلیق کی شکل میں ابھارا ہے اس میں ہندوستانی عورت کے تمام حالات اجاگر ہوتے ہیں۔
جنسیت
انگارے کے مصنفین نے پہلی بار سماجی مسائل کو مغربی زاویۂ نگاہ سے دیکھا۔انہوں نے ادب اور سماج کے بندھے ٹکے اصول واقدار سے انحراف کرتے ہوئے جنسی بھوک،ذہنی پریشانیوں نفسیاتی الجھنوں کو شعورکے پردے میں اجاگر کیا۔انہوں نے سماجی لبادہ اوڑھے چہروں کو بے نقاب کیا اور ان کی گھناؤنی ذہنیت کو اپنے افسانوں میں پیش کیا ہے۔اس سلسلے میں سجاد ظہیر کا افسانہ ’’دالری‘‘ اور احمد علی کا افسانہ’’بادل نہیں آتے‘‘ پیش کیے جا سکتے ہیں۔ رشید جہاں اردو کی...
Islam is a complete code of life and provides the rights to every class of the human beings. Women rights is a kind of such basic rights which were not bothered in the world but Islam provided it to this gender in its ancient age. So many enactments have been made in Pakistan at federal and provincial level. “Punjab Protection of Women Against Violence Act 2016” will be main study of this research article in which. This act was passed rapidly without any detailed discussion on it, so is the reason that it bears so may deficiencies in it. Implementation of this act will surely cause to create the internal problems in family life and will destroy the family system of the era. Some provisions of this act are repugnant to Islamic teachings as well as to ethical norms which make the husband helpless, notorious and such sinful and criminal person who has no right of honor and respect in the society and this will become a permanent document of dishonor which will affect his person as well as his whole family. These main points of this Act will be analyzed in sharia perspective in this research paper.
The radiation pattern and other electrical characteristics of an antenna primarily depend on its size and geometry. In the current age of communications, it is highly desirable to have compact and light weight communication devices. Therefore the most challenging issue of today’s wireless communication systems is to design antennas which are cost effective and of compact size without compromising the radiating efficiency and effectiveness. Since microstrip patch antennas are light weight, compact, easy to design and install; they are the best choice for today’s communication devices. That’s why patch antennas are widely used in numerous wireless applications as a single radiating element and as an array of multiple elements. However, designing of different shaped antennas to suit the electrical and/or physical requirements of the communication system is not an easy task. In this dissertation we have successfully designed microstrip patch antennas to achive desired electrical charcteristics such as frequency, bandwidth and quality factor alongwith the targeted physical characteristics such as length, radius or area etc. Keeping in mind the utilization of various shapes of antennas in communication systems; the dissertation includes designing of different geometrical shaped patch antennas such as square, circular and hexagonal. In addition to design patch antennas, we have succefully designed array of patch elements to be used in MIMO systems. The array has been designed for the desired electrical characteristics such as directivity, frequency, and return loss etc. Moreover, using this array design model, we estimated the channel capacity for ferquency selective Rayleigh fading channel. Since ultra wide band frequency systems are suitable for high data rates with low power consumption, we have particularly focused on this range of frequncy for antenna designing. Among all the heuristic approaches, literature shows that particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA) are the most efficient and effective heuristic approaches in solving the problems of antenna and electromagnetics. Therefore we have employed these two approaches for designing and optimizing these antennas. We have also developed a new heuristic algorithm namely Wildebeest Herd Optimization (WHO) algorithm. It is based on the living wildebeest in their herd and migrating from one point to another for food and water. All the multi-geometrical antennas have been designed and optimized on WHO in addition to GA and PSO. The comparative analysis verifies that the proposed algorithm is more effective and efficient than the existing heuristic approaches. Moreover, artificial neural network (ANN) is employed to model the electrical/magnetic behavior of single antenna and arrays. The outcome of ANN models are compared with the results of numerical computational software Ansoft HFSS. In the light of this work, various future recommendations are also given at the end.