Impact of Hajj on Muslims With Special Reference to Pakistan

Hajj is one of the five pillars of Islam and is obligatory, once in life time, on adult Muslims having physical and financial capacity. Historically, ‘Hajj’ has been a rigorous undertaking. Although technological advancement has made it easier in many ways, yet there are hardships owing to ever increasing number of pilgrims visiting Makkah Mukkaramah i.e. A city with finite resources including all available resources. The Government of Pakistan, being a facilitator, endeavors to make the Hajj experience as comfortable as is possible within the resources available and standards affordable by Pakistani Hujjaj by making extensive arrangements, through a transparent process, so that the pilgrims could perform their manasik-e-Hajj as enshrined in Quran and Sunnah. The Pilgrim accounts stress that the Hajj leads to a feeling of unity with fellow Muslims.  It increases belief in equality and harmony among ethnic groups and Islamic sects and leads to more favorable attitudes toward all the people of Pakistan including   women with greater acceptance of female education and employment. Hajjis show increased belief in peace, and in equality and harmony among adherents of different religions. The evidence suggests that these changes are more a result of exposure to and interaction with Hajjis from around the world, rather than religious instruction or a changed social role of pilgrims upon their return to Pakistan.

Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocrystallite Spinel Ferrites and Their Thin Film

This project is dedicated to fabricate and characterize the four different series of cubic spinel structure and then deposit two series of their thin films on silicon substrate. These series associated with the general formula Ag xCO1-x Cr0.5 Fe1.5 O4 , ZnxCO1-x Cr0.5 Fe1.5 O4, CdxCO1-x Cr0.5 Fe1.5 O4 and CuxCO1-x Cr0.5 Fe1.5 O4 where(x=0, 0.2, 0.4 0.6, 0.8, 1.0) employing the ceramic route method. After studding the fabrication and characterization of bulk ferrites, the thin films of AgxCO1-x Cr0.5 Fe1.5 O4 and ZnxCO1-x Cr0.5 Fe1.5O4 on Si(100) substrate have been deposited by Pulsed Laser Deposition technique using Nd-YAG laser having (wave length of 248 nm at a fluence of 2.5 J/cm2 and repetition rate of 20 Hz) to improve the magnetic properties. The deposition parameters like substrate temperature, target to substrate distance, post annealing are kept constant. The analytical techniques X-ray diffractrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope, Vibrating sample magnetometer, UV-visible spectroscopy, inductor capacitor resistor meter, Ellipsometry Spectroscopy and Atomic force microscopy are used to characterize them. The main focus of the recent work is on transition metals (Ag+2, Zn+2, Cd+2, Cu+2) doped cobalt chromium spinel ferrite due to their technological and potential applications like switching, data storage and recording media. The basic aim of this research work is to enhance the magnetic and optical properties by varying the doping concentration of transition metals. The importance of miniaturization of electronic circuits has increased the demand of thin films fabricated with new materials with better magnetic and optical properties. Previously no work has been published with theses composition; we want to fabricate such type of materials that have soft magnetic properties which have some saturation magnetization with the moderate coercivity. To achieve this goal first we have doped 25% of chromium (3mB) in iron to dilute the magnetic moment of iron (5 mB). After that select some non-magnetic with zero (mB) and the materials have less magnetic moment to control the magnetic and optical parameters. It has been observed that in first two series AgxCo1-xCr0.5Fe1.5O4, ZnxCo1-xCr0.5Fe1.5O4 the value of saturation magnetization is very low and coercivity is almost zero by doping of nonmagnetic ions and prepared ferrites become super-paramagnetic after that in CdxCo1-xCr0.5 Fe1.5O4 and CuxCo1-xCr0.5Fe1.5O4 both saturation magnetization andcoercivity enhanced with the substitution of least magnetic moment ions. The band gap is narrow for the doping of non-magnetic ion and becomes wider with replacement of least magnetic ions in the composition. As in bulk silver and zinc doped cobalt chromium ferrite have the weak magnetic properties. It has been tried to induce the magnetic properties in these materials with the help of thin films, because in thin films these properties may improve due to their shape and deposition parameters. The thin films of silver and zinc doped cobalt chromium ferrite have enhanced magnetic properties and narrowing the band gap energy as compare to their bulk ferrite. In zinc doped thin film the magnetization and coecivity is higher than silver doped ferrites. So, these thin films are proposed to use in the applications of high density recording media, refrigeration, bio separation etc.