اسلامى بىنکارى مىں تنگدست مقروض سے وصولیابی کے شرعی اختیارات

Islam lays emphasis on social justice and sharing of resources between the haves and the have-nots. In order to create such a balanced socio-economic environment, the inter-class lending is considered to be a way forward ethical activity. Qard is a gratuitous contract in which one gives a certain homogeneous wealth to other against the condition of returning of similar value of wealth upon demand or after termination of payback period. As per Sharia'h, the Qard should not bring any return or benefit for the lender because that would be equivalent to Ribâ. Therefore the lender cannot charge or demand any extra amount against the extension on the payback period awarded to the poor borrower. Furthermore, Islam considers the difference between debtors who default by procrastination and those who default by necessity. The Holy Qur'an, in principal, recommends having compassion for the poor barrowers and giving them the grace period till they have the capacity to payback. In such scenario the Muslim lenders perceive that the Islam has set unilateral direction in favor of borrowers only. Therefore the lenders feel that they are handicapped or helpless and found themselves in a strangled situation.  This study is designed to solve the dilemma of lenders and explore risk mitigation strategies in case of insolvency of borrowers. The verses from the Holy Qur'an & Hadith of the Messenger (PBUH) and also work of prominent Sharia'h Scholars were considered to form a comprehensive guideline to mitigate the lender’s risk. Hence it has been proved that the Islam has given legal rights to the lender and allows some practical recovery strategies & tactics to recover the funds from the underprivileged borrowers. This study will play a key role in risk mitigation for default and late payments.

Shelter Homes in the Punjab Pakistan

This study examines the life experiences of 500 women living in 34 shelter homes established by the Department of Social Welfare and Bait-ul-Mal, Government of the Punjab, Pakistan. The aim of the current study was threefold: to explore the challenges and risks to women’s lives which pushed them into the shelters; to accumulate information regarding available welfare services and their intervention in shelter homes; and to uncover the gap, if any, between existing welfare services and the actual needs of the women and identify the causes of this gap. Primary data was collected from service providers and women residing in the shelter homes through interviews. Face-to-face, in-depth interviews explored stories of extraordinary physical, emotional and cultural violence which were difficult to hear and painful to speak. The nature of the data was both quantitative and qualitative. The proportionate stratified sampling technique was adopted in order to gain a more representative sample. In addition, focus group discussions were conducted at nine locations in Punjab Province. Forced marriage, poverty, domestic violence, fear of honor killing, the right to divorce, love marriage, Watta Satta and Vani were the main factors, but the women were influenced to leave their homes by the intersectional system of society in which the concept of “honor” took the limelight. The results indicated that violence was a tool used by men to control women’s behavior within the patriarchal structure and that the intensity of the violence increased along with women’s demands for legal and religious rights. In such situations, shelters served as a safe haven but intervention and rehabilitation services were missing. The results also indicated that shelters are a taboo in Pakistani culture therefore they tend to provide only a temporary respite in a woman’s experience of violence. Furthermore, the shelters are embedded in a philanthropic model and need broader transformation. The study recommends a feminist or egalitarian approach for service provision in shelters and suggests that a structural overhaul is needed to improve the staff–resident relationship and to curb exploitative practices on shelter premises.