ﷺ
کس زباں سے ہم بتائیں ہم کو کیا اُنؐ سے ملا
منزلِ عرفانِ حق کا راستا اُنؐ سے ملا
نوریوں پہ نورِ صبحِ کُن فکاںؐ کی بارشیں
پیکرِ خاکی کو حسنِ دلربا اُنؐ سے ملا
لمسِ نعلینِ نبیؐ سے جن کو تابانی ملی
کہکشائوں کا حسیں تر سلسلہ اُن سے ملا
کس قدر خوش بخت ہے حسانؓ بن ثابت کی ذات
نعت کہنے ، پڑھنے ، سننے کا صلہ اُنؐ سے ملا
وادیِ طائف میں صبر و استقامت دیکھ کر
عزم و ہمت کا سبق ہم کو جدا اُنؐ سے ملا
اُنؐ کو خالق نے بنایا ، قاسمِؐ انعامِ کُل
جو ملا ، جب بھی ملا ، جتنا ملا ، اُنؐ سے ملا
جب بھی دی عرفانؔ نے دہلیزِ اقدس پر صدا
صدقۂ آلِ نبیؐ اُس کو سدا اُنؐ سے ملا
Misunderstanding of Westerner about Islam. Islam originates from the word "Salam" which means peace, submission and tolerance. Islam has never preached for intolerance, hatred and violence. It has despised violence and bloodshed and having no place for extremism. Islam is a religion of moderation rather than extremism. The Holy Quran enshrines benign treatment and attitude even towards non-believers, who are residing in Muslim state and to guarantee them all their basic rights of life and property. It negates hatred and fundamentalism and stands for universality. There arises question that how this situation has been muddled and the real soul of Islam is distorted? How incendiary norms have been infested in federally administered tribal areas of Pakistan? There is a need for implementation of anti-terror laws and to condemn terrorism in all its manifestations.
The aim of the present study is to describe the predicate argument structure in Pashto (an East-Iranian language) from morpho-syntactic perspective and compare it with English. The data was collected from the standard (i.e., Yousafzai) dialect of the Pakistani variety of Pashto and was analysed using the morpho-syntactic processes such as conflation, incorporation, arguments’ hierarchy and argument structure alternation. The study shows that in Pashto there are quite few words which are derived by incorporation. Majority of words are derived from adjective root by conflation. Similarly, majority of the verbs are also derived through conflation; its argument structure alternates quite freely. Moreover, alternations such as causativization of unergative, ergative, middle and transitive verbs are very commonly found in Pashto. In case of resultatives, Pashto does not allow incorporation of N in resulative constructions unlike English where it is very common. Relating the findings of the study with English Language Teaching (ELT), the study compares the argument structure of Pashto with English. This comparative analysis shows that the argument structure types depicted by Pashto such as unaccusative, unergative, and adjective passives are quite different from that of English. A generalization drawn from the data is that with few exceptions all the argument structure differences can be traced back to the fact that PP conflation is allowed in English while in Pashto it is not. On the other hand, the free alternation between causative and inchohative/transitive-intransitive; and transitive-ditransitive can also be traced back to the fact that such alternations are common in Pashto because adjective conflates into V quite freely while in English it does not. Thus the Pashto alternates of English resulatives depict a very different type of argument structure. Contrary to what is true about English, Pashto allows small pro as a subject while English does not. English has subject control PRO which is not allowed in Pashto. The non-availability of PRO can be directly related to the non-existence of infinitive verb in Pashto. The existence of zero argument predicates in English was traced back to the fact that through incorporation of internal argument to empty V position the zero argument verbs were derived in English. However, in case of Pashto, the internal argument of the verb does not get incorporated. So the basic structure of the predicates in both of the languages is the same. The differences in the derived form are due to the fact that one language (English) allows incorporation of the internal argument while the other (Pashto) does not. Similarly, Pashto allows conflations into overt v while English derives most of causative alternates by zero derivation. So, consequently, the argument structure differences found in both languages were traced back to the availability of option for PP to conflate into V.