غربت کے خاتمہ کے لیے ازواجِ مطہرات کی مساعی

Islam as a religion is not based on empty or futile theories. Infact it intensely educates in altering a practical approach towards ones exixtence both as an individual and or a social being. It is the only religion which lead the way towards welfare/ "Falah" and Qura Calls such people Muflihon. Falah is for both render, either it is a man or a woman. Women especially Holy Prophet's wives are never leave behind in poor's uplift and public welfare. From the very beginning of UMMAHATUL-MOMINEEN (Holy Prophet's wives) are playing vital role in social or public welfare an till in this modern era and patriarchal society, they are role model to help plebians. The Islamic values as the world knows of them today were brought to light through our last messanger (P.B.U.H), assigned with the most important task in probably the most crucial era of human history. With the injustice all over the globe and the leaders of super powers in a rift with each other to dominate the world, exhausted the most important of resouces i.e. The humanity. The divine manifiesto of the Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) and the lives of wives of Holy Prophet was actually based upon justice among masses and the preservation of conflict torn humanity. The intellectual wisdom of Holy Prophet's wives in the given situation was to restore order while restoring justice based upon the reformative rule of law as depicted by the Islamic ideology. The main aim of this very importatnt initiative was to reintroduce the humanity with the most important elements such as humility, mutual respect an retoration of long forgotten code of ethics. The basic foundation of our last Prophet's wives idealogy was to uplift poor whether they are Muslims or not. They successfully ordained the resurfacing, prevalence and practice of the same code of ethics. Now days many of such examples are prevalent in the world, not as a whole yet, though to a certain extent which is holding it together. The war torn and devastated west of the medieval found its solution in applying the same Islamic rule of law in their society in late 17th century and onward. It therefore can be deduced that the same code of ethics, which can be referred to the Quran, the sacred Islamic book, possibly offers the most effective solutions in order to ensure the societal and social development in current era.

Synthesis and Characterization of Homo and Amphiphilic Block Copolymers of Poly 2-Vinylpyridine Stabilized Metallic Nonoparticles

This Ph. D. dissertation deals with the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles with P2VP homo- and block copolymers (BCP) as stabilizing agent, their characterization, and applications. As a summary of the research conducted during the course of Ph. D., a series of homopolymers of poly(2-vinylpyridine) and amphiphilic block copolymers of poly(2-vinylpyridine), includingpoly(2-vinylpyridine)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) andpolystyrene-blockpoly(2-vinylpyridine) were used to stabilize metallic nanoparticles (gold and silver). Polymers containing pyridine moiety have been utilized as a stabilizing agent for the metallic nanoparticles. Among them poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) is the excellent candidates because nitrogen atoms of the pyridine moiety have a strong affinity for the metal ions and metallic nanoparticles that restrains the aggregation of the metal nanoparticles through steric stabilization. Furthermore, P2VP prompts the reaction at ambient temperature and reduction of the particle size with the increase in its molar mass. AuNPs stabilized by P2VP ligands were designed to offer atomic level control and an efficient scale-up production through control of the molar mass of P2VP. Molar mass of the P2VP has enormous effect on the stabilization, size and size distribution of AuNPs. The reducing activity of P2VP increased with the increase in its molar mass. The P2VP stabilized AuNPs are evaluated for their stability and applications using UV-visible spectrophotometry, FTIR, DLS and AFM. Moreover, the drug encapsulation efficiency of P2VP-stablized AuNPs increased with the molar mass of P2VP. P(S-VP)-AgNPs were used as nanosensor for the rapid quantitative assay of pesticide, cartap. P(S-VP)-AgNPs and its interaction with cartap was studied using UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, zetasizer and AFM. The synthesized nanosensor is selective towards cartap in the presence of other interfering pesticides in real samples. The LoD of the nanosensor for cartap is far below already reported sensors for cartap. Furthermore, P(2VP-MMA)-AuNPs modified GCE electrode was used as a novel electrochemical sensor for nicotine. It was found that sensitivity of bare GCE is significantly enhanced by coating with P(2VP-MMA)-AuNPs. The P(2VP-MMA)AuNPs modified GCE is more sensitive towards nicotine and gave more intense electrochemical response with reference to bare GCE. In addition, the morphology of P(2VP-MMA) copolymer thin films was studied using AFM. It was observed that both P2VP and PMMA block lengths, total molar mass of block copolymer, solvent used for casting, and substrate play an important role in the morphology of block copolymer thin film. Gold nanoparticles incorporated with the polymer are completely shielded by P2VP chains and influenced the morphology of block copolymer organization by enlarging the polymer domain. Furthermore, surface roughness and thickness increased with the increase in molar mass of the block copolymers.