ایلافِ وفا کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ
اخلاق حیدر آبادی
(شعبہ اردو ، رفاہ انٹر نیشنل یونیورسٹی ،فیصل آباد)
شاعری انسانی تخیل کا پُر جمال اور بلیغ اظہار ہے۔ شاعری میں نظم نے انسانی فکر اور ادراک کو مربوط اور پر اعتماد ہو کر آگے بڑھایا ہے۔ آرائش خیال کے لیے کبھی پابند نظم اور کبھی نظم ِ معرا کو خوب پذیرائی حاصل ہوئی۔ پھر آزاد نظم نے نسبتاً انسانی فکری جہتوں کو زیادہ بے باک انداز اور آزادی کے ساتھ پیش کیا ۔اردو شاعری کے منظر نامے میںنظم گو شعرا ابلاغ کی سطح پر پیش رفت کرتے نظر آتے ہیں۔ وقت کے ساتھ نظم کی روایت نے تخلیق کار کو ایک نئے آہنگ سے متعارف کرایا۔
شاعری کی بابت بہت کچھ کہا گیا ہے اور کہا جاسکتا ہے مگر مختصر اور جامع طور پر ہم کولرج اور شیلے کے ہم زبان ہو کر کہہ سکتے ہیں ’’شاعری تخیل کی زبان ہے‘‘ ۔کانٹ نے بہت دل نشین اندازمیں اپنی کتاب ’’انتقادِ محاکمہ(Aesthetic judgment of critique) ‘‘ میں اپنے کلیدی جملہ میں اپنے نظریہ تخیل کا خلاصہ یوں پیش کیا ہے
’’ تخیل اس مواد سے جو فطرت اس کے لیے مہیا کرتی ہے،ایک فطرتِ ثانی تخلیق کرنے والا ایک زبر دست عامل ہے‘‘(۱)
شاعر یا تخلیق کار کے پاس اظہار کے لیے جو چیز اساس بنتی ہے۔ وہ اس کا احساسِ تخیل ہے۔ ابلاغ کے لیے علامت، استعارہ ،مشاہدہ اور تجربہ تو ہوتا ہے۔ بلکہ الفاظ کے انتخاب کا کڑا فیصلہ بھی شاعر کو ہی کرنا پڑتا ہے۔ اسی طرح نظم کا نام بلا شبہ علامت ہے۔ کسی چیز کی ماہیت نہیں ۔ شعریات کو صنف میں علامتی سطح پر وابستہ کیا جا سکتا ہے۔ حالی ؔ کا یہ قول’’ نفسِ شعر وزن کا محتاج نہیں‘‘ اب تک ایک بامعنی اور راہنما ہے۔ عبدالسمیع اپنی کتاب ’’اردو میں...
Calling to the path of Allah has never been an easy task. It was in fact direct opposition of the prominent personalities of that time. The holy Prophet r conducted preaching (Daa’wah) in such a way that it is not monotonous for the listeners. The Prophet r did not make them sit for long and hear lengthy speeches. Preaching (Daa’wah) in today’s world is not as successful and effective mainly because it is not carried out the way as prescribed and practiced by the holy Prophet r. It is pertinent to mention here that way of preaching adopted by Prophet Muhammad r was the same as it had been the method of all Prophets before Him r. However, it can truly be said that Prophet Muhammad r developed these qualities to the extreme heights. In this article, prophetic approach of preaching was discussed in a way that may guide the preachers of modern times in efficient as well effective way. These virtues were discussed as different traits in the personality of a preacher.
An innovative teaching approach of Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) such as Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT) plays a vital role in the effective teaching and learning of second language skills, specifically the oral communicative skills. Thus, the teachers’ professional development according to the need of time is very important, because learners’ learning of second skills depend on the content and pedagogical content knowledge of teachers. In Pakistan most of the student at public and private schools are observed by performing poorly in their oral communicative skill of English language during the process and after completing their graduations due to several factors highlighted by different studies (Ahmed, 2017; Bano, 2016). Hence, the purpose of this research was to explore the perceptions of TESOL teachers regarding TBLT as an innovative approach and its role in the improvement of the oral communicative skill of English language in grade five. The study was conducted through an exploratory case study and interviews, document analysis and observations were used as data collections tools. Data were collected from two primary TESOL teachers of urban private ABC primary school in Karachi, Pakistan. Major findings of the study were: the poor conception of by TESOL primary teachers about TBT, communicative skills, teaching of oral communicative skill, the role of teachers, leaners and teaching resources, use of local languages and the hindering factors such as the standardized exams system; the non-alignment of textbooks, exam system and curriculum development, teaching resources, teacher, student and classroom related factors. Thus, the findings of the study suggest that curriculum developers, policy makers and teacher educators must sit together for bringing about an alignment in the curriculum, textbooks and the examination system in the context of school. Furthermore, the finding of the study suggests that, the teachers by developing their professional knowledge and skill and by using the TBLT approach could improve the oral communicative skills of grade five learners. In this way the early age fluency gradually help the learners in improving of their accuracy and competency in English oral communicative skills.