مقدمہ
بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ۔الْحَمْدُ للّٰهِ وکفیٰ وسلام علیٰ عبادہ الذین الصطفیٰ۔اما بعد:
اسلام ایک مکمل دستور زندگی اور ضابطہ حیات ہے۔ اس کے قوانین جہاں ناقابل ترمیم ہیں، وہاں ان میں حالات کی تبدیلی کے ساتھ لچک بھی پائی جاتی ہے۔ زندگی کے نئے پیش آمدہ مسائل و پیچیدگیوں کے حل کی کنجی اسلام کے پاس ہے، کیونکہ اس کے اصول ابد ی و آفاقی ہیں۔ اسلام نے معاشرے کی اخلاقی اقدار کے تحفظ کے اصول و ضوابط بیان کیے ہیں اور یہ بتلایا ہے کہ معاشرہ کی اخلاقی اقدار کاتحفظ لازم ہے۔ اگر کوئی اس کا خیال نہیں کرے گا تو معاشرہ اس کے حقوق کو تحفظ بھی فراہم نہیں کرے گا اور اس پر حد(سزا) بھی جاری کرے گا۔ دوسرا اسلام نے لوگوں کو فرائض کی ادائیگی کا حکم دیا ہے اور ان کے حقوق کی گفتگو انہی فرائض کے ضمن میں آ گئی ہے ۔ جب لوگ فرائض کی ادائیگی میں دلچسپی لیں گے تو خود بخود ان کے حقوق کا تحفظ ہوتا رہے گا۔ یہی وہ بنیادی فرق ہے جو اسلامی اور وضعی قوانین میں واضح طور پر نظر آتا ہے۔ اسی کی بنیاد پر جرم و سزا کے قوانین سامنے آتے ہیں ۔ انہی قوانین کی بنیاد پر ہی معاشرے کی اخلاقی اقدار کو محفوظ بنایا جاتا ہے۔ دنیا میں امن وسکون اسی اسلامی فلسفہ کا ہی مرہون منت ہے۔
دین اسلام میں گناہوں سے دور رہنے اور ان سے بچنے کے ضابطے درجہ بدرجہ تفصیلاً بیان ہوئے ہیں ،لیکن پہلے تربیت کے مواقع فراہم کیے گئے ہیں ، پھر آخری درجے پر سزا کا حکم دیا گیا ہے۔ اس عملی کام کے علاوہ نظری طور پر اسلام کے بنیادی عقائد بھی انسان کی بھر پور تربیت کرتے ہیں...
Man is curious. Today he is stepping forward to explore the world and space, but still he is trying to know the answer to the question that how he was made? Qur’an the last holy book of Allah, which provides complete guidance in every walk of life, can give better answer to this question. Besides this many theories were presented by the scientists called evolution theories. One of these theories is “Theory of natural selection” presented by Charles Darwin in 1859 A.D. This theory got a lot of reputation. Qur’anic teachings say that the first human being Hazrat Adam (علیہ السلام) was created by Allah as a complete Man. But this theory states that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce (means there was no Adam on earth as the Father of humanity, which is contrary to Islam). Darwin theory, a non-Islamic theory about the creation of humanity has a great impact over the various thinkers of subcontinent. This research article attempts to answer the questions that what are the Qur’anic teachings about the creation of humanity on earth? And what are the different evolution theories and their effects on the various thinkers of subcontinent?
Aridity, brackish water, low organic matter, poor soil structure and intensive cropping are main challenges of Pakistan’s agriculture. Sustained soil quality and productivity are needed to feed the growing population that can only be achieved through sustainable management practices. A stepwise mechanistic study was conducted for restoration of soil carbon and re-establishment of degraded soil with sustained crop productivity. A preliminary study was conducted mixing different organic substrates (farm manure, poultry manure, biochar, flyash, wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse, rice husk and molasses) @ 1.5% of soil weight and incubated for 42 days. Farm manure, poultry manure and molasses yielded more particle aggregation, biological activity and macroaggregate carbon on each sample collection and were selected through trending of parameters in cluster analysis. These selected treatments were then applied in pot study while maintaining soil water contents @ 50, 75, 100 and 125% of available water contents (AWC), using maize as test crop. Different maize root parameters i.e. length (44.55 cm), fresh and dry weights (71.10 g and 24.30 g), diameter (1.73 mm), volume (0.24 cm3) and length density (7.4 × 10-3 cm cm-3) were calculated in pots receiving farm manure as organic amendment and soil water content maintained at 75% AWC. All parameter values were statistically at par with all other organic treatments at 75% AWC and 100% AWC but significantly higher than all plant parameters of each organic treatment at 50% or 125% AWCs. Using cluster analysis 75% AWC level was selected as best level for plant growth and that was maintained in the field trials. During two year field experimentation physical indices of soil i.e. water stable soil aggregates (40.7 and 39.9%), soil organic carbon (12.6 and 12.1 g kg-1), saturated hydraulic conduction (27.9 and 27 mm h-1), rate of infiltration (26.1 and 25.4 mm h-1), soil total porosity/void ratio (0.49 and 0.48 m3 m-3) were observed where farm manure was added in soil as treatment. Agronomic characteristics of maize i.e. corn yield (9.47 and 9.21 Mg ha-1) and use efficiency of irrigation water (11.1 and 10.8 kg mm-1 yr-1) were found in farm manure treated plots. All of these values were vigilantly greater than control but were found statistically similar to other treatments. Organic addition recovered soil structure that resulted in water retention, good aeration and root penetration which helped to achieve yield goals along with saving by 25% irrigation water. The farmers are primarily recommended to use organic manures along with mineral fertilizers and synthetically active biological products to sustain production, saving soils and water for our next generation.