قرآن کریم اور علم الضبط

The correct recitation of the Quran depends upon correct spellings is based on "Ilm al-Rasm" and accurate reading depends upon "Ilm al-Dabt". "Ilm al-Dabt" is divided into “Nuqat al-A’rab” and “Nuqat al- A’jam”. “Nuqat al-A’rab” mean the signs which throw light on ‘al-Harakah’, ‘Sukun’, ‘Tashdid’ and ‘Madd’ etc. “Nuqat al-A’jamm” implies the signs which remove the confusion found between letters and cause the phonetic and facial recognition different letters. So dotted letters are titled “Mu’jam” and dotless letters are named as “Muhmal”. This paper deals with “Nuqat al-A’rab”. Initially, the Quran was without these signs. This science was developed first time in the period of Amir Muawiah by Abu al-Aswad al-Duali in the shap of rounded dots. Later on these dots were replaced with appropriate signs by Khalil bin Ahmad al-Farahidi. These signs were given different names. Ilm al-Dbt gained a little controversy but the majority of scholars appreciated it.

A Study of Urinary Excretion of Deferoxamine, Ferrioxamine, Zinc and Iron in Thalassemic Patients

Current research project was conducted to study the urinary excretion of deferoxamine, ferrioxamine, iron and zinc in β-thalassemia population. Oxidative stress and antioxidant status was also measured in β-thalassemic patients under indigenous conditions. Blood specimens were collected from both healthy and thalassemic subjects of age less than 15 years without drug administration. Hematological (red blood cells, hemoglobin, MCH, MCV, MCHC, plt, hct, RDW, eiosinophils, monocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes) and biochemical parameters (triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL, ALT, AST, urea, total protein, albumin, globulin and creatinine) were determined in both healthy and thalassemic populations to check the health status. Oxidant and antioxidant status was studied with the help of spectrophotometer and HPLC. Thalassemic patients were observed in state at higher level of oxidative stress because free iron in body acts as free radical to enhance the oxidative stress. Antioxidants are (either enzymatic or non enzymatic) substances in body which reacts with these free radicals to stop chain reaction. So, the levels of antioxidant vitamins (E, C and β-carotene) were significantly decreased in β- thalassemic patients. Urine samples were collected at 0, 6, 8, 12, 24 h from β-thalassemic patient after 500 mg subcutaneous infusion of deferoxamine. Concentration of deferoxamine and ferrioxamine was determined with the help of HPLC highest concentration of DFO and FO was recorded in urine samples collectes at 6 th hour. % dose of DFO and FO excreted (3 and 2.97 percent) in β-thalassemic patients within twenty four hours. While the concentration of iron and zinc was determined with the help of AAS and cumulative amount excreted of zinc and iron after 24 hours were 1.57 ± 0.06 mg and 30.47 ± 1.47 respectively in thalassemic patients indicating enhanced excretion of zinc. This study would help in clinical investigations and to design better therapeutic protocols under indigenous conditions.