دعوت الی اللہ کے اصول قرآن کی نظر میں

The word excommunication means to exclude a Muslim from prescribed boundary of Islam. Non of us have the authority of excommunicated any one from Islam except Allah almighty and his beloved prophet Mohammad (PBUH). Because the act of excluding a Muslim, belongs to the orders of Allah (the foundation of Which is Quran) and Sunnah therefore drastic care should be taken in this regard and the one and only would be called as disbeliever if confirmed in the light Quran and Sunnah. Basically any Muslim will be called as Muslim until and unless he is acting openly upon the rules and regulation of Islam. A Muslim would be considered as disbeliever if proclaimed blasphemy intestinally.

Teachers Perceptions of Quality and Quality Management Systems at Higher Education Level in Pakistan.

The basic purpose of conducting this study was to explore teachers‟ “perception” of quality and quality management systems at higher education level in Pakistan, by giving a deep focus upon a case of a public sector university of Pakistan „The Karakoram International University Gilgit-Baltistan‟. The basic objectives of the study were to investigate teachers‟ perceived understanding of academic quality a concept, theory and practice in their existing teaching practice at university level and to know, how their perception of quality are being articulated in the university practices by managing quality management systems and formulating the appropriate measures to improve the academic quality in the university. And further to designing a proposed roadmap of quality management system for the university of focus in particular and to all public university of Pakistan in general. The research conducted by using Qualitative Research Method and case study approach of qualitative research design. The purposive sampling techniques were used to identify a sample, and a representative sample was identified relating to the purpose and criteria for the sample of this study from the overall population of the case. Semi-structured interview guide and focused group discussion tools were used mainly to collect the data from the sample of the study. Researchers‟ field notes of observation and written reflections about the everyday experience of field visits were also used as data. The data was transcribed and categorized by creating relevant codes from the repeated expressions of the data. The selected codes were merged into relevant themes to formulate main findings of the study that addressed the objectives. Each theme was then analyzed separately and got the meaning from their expressions and elaborated their perceptions into a discussion and extracted the finding of this study. The study identifies a clear lack of quality meaning and understanding of the concept among the staff. Even though a quality enhancement cell was functioning as matter of obligation from the HEC, but majority of teachers are not even aware of its‟ basic function and significance. The study finds out a huge confusion of quality management with other aspects of teachers‟ professional competencies i.e. Knowing of content information and delivering it to students in the classroom. Majority of the participants of this research were not aware about the basic purpose and the concept of „academic quality management systems‟ in a university to make sure the quality of university teachers‟ performance, as accordance with the certain acceptable standards. Based on the literature review and findings of this study a structure of quality management system is proposed to improve the quality management functions at the public universities in Pakistan.