اعتناء المستشرقين بالواقدي وكتابه المغازي دراسة تحليلية

Muhammad ibn ‘Umr Al-W฀qid฀ is considered to be one of the most famous early Muslim historians. Despite being disputed among the circle of Muhaddith฀n, he was popular among the early Muslim historians. He got recognition and fame as a historian in the 2nd half of 2nd century of Hijrah. In fact, he was an outstanding historian who introduced new trends in writing and composition of historic narratives. The early Muslim historians cited and quoted Al-W฀qid฀ freely where they needed him without any kind of reluctance. It is well to know that western orientalists pay special attention to AlW฀qid฀ and his book "Al-Magh฀z฀ ". Perhaps it is not due to their biasness or impartiality, but for the excellent work of Al-W฀qid฀. In this regard, they think that Al-W฀qid฀ is more accurate and clear in giving details and judgments about historical events than any other early Muslim historian. Al-W฀qid฀ 's dating of historical events is more acute and correct. He owns what he produces and narrates. Moreover, he seems to be sensitive and aware of consequences of what he writes in his book " Al-Magh฀z฀ ", that is why we see him sometime indulging in some issues extra-ordinarily and proving and disproving what he thinks right or wrong by logical (internal and external) criticism. Al-W฀qid฀ explores historical events and tries to know about root causes of their happening and finally analyzes their consequences. These are some special qualities of Al-W฀qid฀ 's work in the eyes of western orientalists. In this article, I have tried to highlight these aspects of Al-W฀qid฀ 's work from the oriental literature.

Secondary Students Attitude Towards Environment Issues

This small- scale research study was set out with two purposes. The first purpose of the study was to investigate the difference between government and private school students’ attitude towards environmental issues (e.g. pollution of air and water, over use of resources, global changes of the climate etc.) at secondary level in Karachi, Pakistan. Another aim of the study was to find out whether there is a difference between male and female students’ attitude towards environmental issues or not. A total of 312 students (n = 154 girls; n = 158 boys) attending government (n = 151) and private schools (n = 161) located in Karachi participated in the study. Data were collected through an adopted questionnaire “Me and Environmental challenges” (Part D) from the questionnaire- based Relevance of Science Education (ROSE) project. Students were asked to indicate their degree of agreement with each statement in the Questionnaire, from ‘strongly disagrees’ to ‘strongly agree’. Data were analyzed using the non- parametric equivalent of the independent t-test. The results of the study indicate that there were significant differences between government and private schooling systems students’ attitudes. Private school students reported to have a significantly high degree of positive attitude towards environmental issues as compared to their government counterparts. Furthermore, the results of the study indicated that there was no significant difference between male and female students’ attitude towards environmental issues. The results of the study provide significant insights into male and female students’ attitude towards environmental issues towards discipline in both government and private secondary schools. Based on the results of the study, some recommendations have been put forward for policy and practice. Furthermore, the results of the study can be used as a base line for further studies.