پاکستان کا مسئلہ نمبر 1 کرپشن: اسباب اور خاتمہ تعلیمات نبویﷺ کے آئینے میں

The word corruption is very comprehensive. It is  the  synonym   of   bribery, demoralization, sinfulness, wickedness,   impurity, dishonesty, fraud, falsehood, embezzlement, illegal  and  criminal,   etc.  Currently  in  pakistan government & private  sectors,   high rank  government  employees,   bureaucracy and political institutions,   are  involved  in  different  kinds  of  corruption.  Consequently, the economy of the courntry has  been effected  extremly.  Therefore,   there  is  no peace in the counrtry. CALVIN COOLIDGE said in his speech, in 1923: "Economy is always a guarantee of peace". (1) In this  research article  it  would be   searched that  how the  corruption  in the country   could   be   eradicated,    in the  light of  Islamic teachings.  So that the economy of the the country can make progress smoothly and easily.

Relationship B/W C1418t Segment of Tm Gene Polymorphism With Coronary Artery Disease Patietns in General Adult Population of Karachi, Pakistan

Background Coronary artery disease is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity around the world. The Indo-Pak sub-Continent has one of the highest predispositions to Coronary artery disease. Apart from the established risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, alcohol intake, family history, and obesity that played an important role in the development of CAD, genetic polymorphism also emerge as a risk factor in the incidence of Coronary artery disease. Thrombomodulin (THBD) gene is one of them. It is a transmembrane protein expressed on the surface of endothelial cells. It is an important vasoprotective and thromboresistant substance. This natural anticoagulant abates thrombin’s activity and activates Protein C. The relationship between Thrombomodulin gene polymorphisms and coronary disease remains Controversial. It has been reported that a single nucleotide polymorphism (CT) at position 1418 of thrombomodulin gene results in amino acid change from alanine (A) to valine (V) at protein position 455 of TM gene (Ala 455 Val). A considerable number of studies conducted across the globe showed a varied relationship between TM gene polymorphism and coronary artery disease. Therefore the aim of the present study is to assess the association between TM gene Polymorphism and coronary artery disease in general adult Population of Karachi, Pakistan ii METHODOLOGY This is a case control study that was conducted in Tabba Heart Institute in association with National Institute of Blood Disease, Karachi. In this study we explore the association between C/T dimorphism that might predict as a risk factor for coronary artery disease in population of Karachi. We compared C/T dimorphism in 92 cases with 90 control subjects by allele specific amplification. RESULTS The frequency of CC, CT and TT genotype was 81 (90 %), 6 (6.7%) 3 (3.3%) in controls and 67 (72.8%), 20 (21.7%) and 5 (5.4%) in cases respectively. In case group the CT/TT genotype were found to be significantly associated with coronary artery diseases when compared with control group (p-value 0.009). Both cases and control were in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), i.e. for cases HWE was (X2 = 3.81, p>0.05) and for controls HWE was (X2 = 19.4, p>0.05). CONCLUSION TM C1418T polymorphism appears as a risk marker in Coronary Artery Disease patients in the population of Karachi, Pakistan.