ڈاکٹر خلیفہ عبدالحکیم
افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ مہینہ ڈاکٹر خلیفہ عبدالحکیم کاحرکت قلب کے بند ہو جانے سے انتقال ہوگیا۔موصوف اردواورانگریزی دونوں زبانوں کے نامور مصنف، ادیب اورایک بلندپایہ فلسفی تھے۔ عرصہ تک جامعہ عثمانیہ حیدرآباد میں شعبۂ فلسفہ کے صدر رہے۔ اُن کے فکر ونظر کاخاص موضوع فلسفۂ اقبال تھا۔ چنانچہ اس موضوع پرمتعدد وقیع اورمعلومات آفریں مقالات کے علاوہ انھوں نے ’’فکر اقبال‘‘کے نام سے ایک نہایت بلندپایہ اور سلجھی ہوئی کتاب پچھلے چند برسوں میں لکھی تھی جو اقبالیات کے وسیع لٹریچر میں شاہکار کی حیثیت رکھتی تھی۔ اقبال کے علاوہ مولانا جلال الدین رومیؔ کے کلام پر بھی اُن کی نگاہ بڑی گہری اور ٹھوس تھی۔اس سلسلہ میں اُن کی کتاب’’حکمت رومی‘‘ بڑی وقیع اورخاص چیز ہے۔ علاوہ بریں اُن کی انگریزی کتاب’’اسلامک اڈیالوجی‘‘بھی مجموعی اعتبار سے بڑی لایق قدرہے۔گذشتہ چند برسوں سے وہ ادارۂ ثقافت اسلامیہ لاہور کے ڈائرکٹر اورادارہ کے ماہنامہ’’ثقافت‘‘کے ایڈیٹر تھے۔ اُن کی تحریر شگفتہ اورمتوازن و معتدل ہوتی تھی۔مزاج مرنج ومرنجان پایا تھا۔اُن کی وفات علم وادب کے لیے ایک بڑاسانحہ ہے۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ مرحوم کومغفرت وبخشش کی نعمتوں سے سرفرازفرمائے۔ [فروری ۱۹۵۹ء]
Muhammad’s (SAW life is fully reserved and recorded in history. It has been established beyond a shadow of doubt that not only the major and significant events of his life but even the minutest details of his life are also painstakingly preserved by the Muslims. In spite of the availability of abundant authentic documents concerning Muhammad’s (SAW) life, sayings and deeds, some critics of Islam stubbornly refuse to believe in his historicity. Robert Spencer is one such critic who maintains that Muhammad’s (SAW) value is nothing more than a fictional or mythological figure. This article is an attempt to prove the existence of Muhammad (SAW) in contemporary non-Muslims sources. The article is divided into three major parts: the first part of the paper throws light on how much emphasis Muslims lay on historical authenticity of Muhammad (SAW), in the second part of the paper views and doubts of prominent like orientalists Spencer concerning Muhammad’s (SAW) historical authenticity have been summarized, whereas the third part presents Robert Spencer’s views in the same connection and endeavors to refute his views and approach drawing on contemporary non-Muslim Sources.
Economies of the world encounter financial crises time and again and the main stream researchers are in search of some solution to insulate the economies from crises but no plausible solution has surfaced as yet. The crises majorly erupt through banking channels because of systemic problems in banking. The systemic fault of contemporary banking ignites crises which ultimately transform into financial and economic crises which may not be limited to any specific country or region.This dissertation is aimed to identify the systemic problem in the banking domain and to provide its solution. The study follows positivism as research philosophy and uses mathematical logic as methodology to map the contemporary banking model for uncovering the systemic problem. A formal system has been compiled for the study. The techniques of rewriting with equational reasoning and summations of terms of identified sequences have been used for formalization. The quality of autopoiesis (self-sustainability and self-reproduction of system) has been checked through logic whereas validity and sustainability of the model have been checked against objective criteria. The study shows that there is gap between conventional structure and operational behavior of contemporary banking model which emanates crises. This gap is the seed for crises which dictates the behaviors of banking system. The review of contemporary banking model has revealed that an ex-ante levy (a charge levied before production of goods and services) in the system is one of the main reasons of banking crises. It has also been found that there are certain actors of banking system which have conflicting dual roles. The banks (one actor) bind the firms (other actor) by way of contracts to collect a levy from households (yet another actor) in lieu of providing them loans which do not have logically plausible justifications. There are certain implicit presumptions attached to conventional structure of contemporary banking model which too are problematic. The study presents a new self-sustainable (i.e. autopoietic) banking model which is based on ex-post instead of ex-ante levy. The comparison of autopoietic banking model with contemporary banking model shows that the proposed model will be more responsive to financial distractions and will be helpful in reducing financial crises as there will be lesser chance of mismatch between conventional structure and operational behavior of the system.