نظرة الكونفوشيوسية إلى الكون والإنسان

Confucius was born on September 28, 551BC. He was a teacher, writer, politician, philosopher and ideologue of the ancient China. The philosophy of Confucius emphasizes personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. He championed strong family loyalty and ancestor worship. He also recommended family as a basis for an ideal government. His thoughts received official sanction and were further developed into a system known as Confucianism. Confucius' principles found the basis of the common Chinese traditions, beliefs and culture. Confucianism is often followed in a religious manner by the Chinese, but the arguments continue over whether it is a religion or not. The opponents argue that its values are secular, therefore, it is not a religion, while its supporters argue that despite the secular nature of Confucianism, it is based on a worldview that is religious, and, thus, can rightly be called a religion. Confucianism discusses elements of the afterlife and views concerning Heaven, but it is relatively unconcerned with some transcendental matters, often considered essential to a religious thought. This article provides an outlook of the Confucianism regarding the universe and the humanity and its comparison with the Islamic viewpoint of the same.

Synthesis and Characterization of Some Novel N-Vinyl Pyrrolidone Based Copolymers for Controlled Drug Delivery

Six series of N-vinyl pyrrolidone based copolymers were synthesized by free radical solution polymerization of N-vinyl pyrrolidone and n-alkyl methacrylate monomers. The n-butyl methacrylate and n-hexyl methacrylate were selected as the hydrophobic counterpart. In the first part of the study properties of uncrosslinked poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone-co-n-alkyl methacrylate) copolymers were modified by varying the weight % ratio of the two monomers. Elemental analyses, FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic analyses techniques were used for structure elucidation of the copolymers. Thermal stabilities and glass transition temperatures of the copolymers were directly related to the amount of n-alkyl methacrylate as well as the alkyl chain length of methacrylate comonomer. The water uptake characteristics of the copolymers were related to the amount of hydrophilic NVP incorporated into these copolymers. The hydrophobic drug dexamethasone was loaded into the copolymers with optimum water uptake and prolonged aqueous stability. The drug release studies were carried out at physiological temperature 37 °C and pH 7.4 for 35 days. Controlled drug release was observed from the selected copolymer films during the study time period. The cumulative drug release was found to be mainly controlled by the amount of hydrophilic monomer and molecular weight of the copolymers. In the second part of present study crosslinked poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone-co-n-alkyl methacrylate) copolymers were synthesized at fixed weight % ratio of N-vinyl pyrrolidone and n-alkyl methacrylate monomers (i.e NVP : nAMA = 90:10) using various concentrations of polyfunctional monomers employed as crosslinking agents. The effect of crosslinker concentration and functionality on gel content, thermal stability, water uptake, internal morphology and drug release was investigated. Gel contents and thermal stability of the crosslinked copolymers increased with increasing crosslinker concentration as well as its functionality. The water uptake at 37 °C decreased with increasing crosslinker concentration and functionality however the increase in alkyl chain length of alkyl methacrylate resulted in increased water uptake. The crosslinked copolymers with optimized crosslinker concentrations exhibited controlled drug release patterns at 37 °C and pH 7.4. Higher amounts of cumulative drug release were observed for copolymers crosslinked with trifunctional crosslinkers leading to complete drug release in 20-22 days while the copolymers crosslinked with difunctional crosslinker exhibited controlled drug release upto 35 days. The kinetics and mechanism of the drug release was also analyzed.