وہ میرا مان ہو جائے
تو حاضر جان ہو جائے
اُداسی جان لیتی ہے
جو یار انجان ہو جائے
اگر وہ ہم سفر ٹھہرے
سفر آسان ہو جائے
ہوائیں مصر جاتی ہیں
جو دل کنعان ہو جائے
مجھے بھی سانس لینا ہے
تبسم دان ہو جائے
فضاؔ کے راستوں میں دل
گھڑی مہمان ہو جائے
A review and comparative analysis of the intellectual pursuit, methods, approaches and publications of Imam Bukhari and Imam Muslim In his compilations of hadith, Imam Bukhari was considerate of the view point (or school of thought) of his prior narrators/authors of hadith collections and in doing so, he validated and embellished their (past narrators) publications. Similarly, narrators after Imam Bukhari benefited from his intellectual vigour, as evident in the work of Imam Muslim, who as Imam Bukhari’s student profited from his work, and compiled a treasure of validated hadiths. This body of work had deep influence on the contemporary and upcoming authors and collectors of hadith, as a source of religious knowledge. Since, Imam Muslim didn’t/couldn’t perform the compilation/ Codification / arrangement of his collected hadith, which was later on performed by Imam Novi, who was intellectually and academically influenced by the Imam Bukhari’s publications – hence, a great deal of semblance is evident in both the authors (Imam Bukhari and Muslim) publications. This is especially visible in certain aspects such as prescribing translation chapters (tarjumatul-baab) with the Quranic verses and hadith scripts. Similarly, Codification chapters for explanatory (questioning) notions is also common method practiced in both the author’s work. However, on the other hand, the publication of both the author’s differ in certain dimensions as well. For example, Imam Bukhari’s publications incorporates a complexity of thought, legalistic determination (Fiqh) and collective scholarly wisdom (ijtihad). Whereas, Imam Muslim’s work pursues a relatively simplistic and comprehensible format. In this article, we seek to review and present a comparative analysis of the intellectual pursuit, approach and publications of both the aforementioned authors.
Corpus Based Study of Modal Expressions in Selected British and Pakistani Newspaper Editorials In present age of increased digitized data, corpus linguistics has facilitated research by opening new vistas such as this research of corpus-based study of modal expressions. The purpose of this study is to explore grammatical (syntactic and semantic) features of verbs collocating with `to'-infinitive. The analysis proceeds through quantitative and qualitative analysis of ten selected modal expressions from British and Pakistani newspaper editorials. These specialised corpora were compiled by keeping in view the guidelines for compilation of corpus by McEnery and Hardie (2012). This approach incorporates quantitative and qualitative research encompassing discourse analysis of grammar. Quantitative analysis is conducted with the help of AntConc software. The quantitative comparison of the two corpora show's there is no significant difference in NS (British) and NNS (Pakistani) use of modal expressions in lieu of modal verbs in editorial writing (formal opinionated writing). Qualitatively the analysis initially ascertains that modal expressions (like semi modals) syntactically behave more like lexical verbs but through semantic qualitative analysis of examples extracted from the corpora, the researcher established that same domains of modality are manifest in both modal verbs and modal expressions. It is clear that modal expressions are also used by speakers / writers in seclusion or in combination of other markers that create complicated patterns of modal network that is intentional and pragmatically determined by the speaker/writer. This research has potential for further research work on verbal and non verbal modal markers (a category little explored) in English language through integration of corpus linguistics. It can be beneficial for improving ESP / andragogical studies in countries like Pakistan where functional courses are much in demand to improve writing and speaking skills for specific purposes once a person enters into a profession and realizes her/his deficiency.