قانون ٹارٹ كا فقہ اسلامى كى روشنى میں جائزہ

Tort law is an umbrella term for  laws  which cover issues of civil wrongs like defamation, trespassing and the other actions involving  violation of law. In case a person has undergone a physical, legal or any economic harm then he can file a suit under the tort law. Torts are civil wrongs recognized by law as grounds for a lawsuit. It is also generally known that tort in Islamic fiqh as “Jinayet”. This paper attempts to analys  by Islamic law in thel light of the  relevant verses for the Qur’an followed by the rules stated in traditions from the Prophet (Peace by on him). Jinayat the part of Shari’a that applies to homicide or physical  injury is called jinayat and is based on the pre-Islamic rules of Arab blood feud, as modified by Prophet (Peace be on him). The punishment is either retaliation or blood money (diyat). Retaliation occurs only upon  the request of the victim, if alive, or his nearest kin if the victim is dead, and is to be inflicted by victim or kin. In the case of homicide retaliation means death, in the case of injury it means imposing an identical injury. Where retaliation is one of the options, the victim or his closest kinsman may demand blood money instead, or negotiate an out of court settlement. Jinayat, like modern tort law, is based on private action; there is no official responsible for initiating the case.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Benzothiazole, Thiadiazole and Isatin Derivatives

This thesis divided into four chapters and each chapter includes its own number of derivatives and references. Due to great biological significance of heterocyclic compounds, here in this dissertation we have described synthesis and bioactivities of benzothiazole, thiadiazole and isatin analogs in search of important therapeutic agents. Variety of benzothiazole, thiadiazole and isatin analogs were synthesized, characterized by 1HNMR, 13CNMR and HR-EIMS and screened for enzyme inhibition studies (α-glucosidase, α-amylase and thymidine phosphorylase activities). The results are separately discussed in the forthcoming chapter 1, 2 and 3. In first chapter, Benzothiazole based oxadiazole derivatives (122-144) have been synthesized and evaluated for α-glucosidase inhibition. All analogs exhibited a varying degree of α-glucosidase inhibitory potential with IC50 values ranging in between 0.5 ± 0.01 - 30.90 ± 0.70 μM when compared with the standard acarbose (IC50 = 866.30 ± 3.20 μM). In second chapter, two series of thiadiazole are described. In first series, thiadiazole quinoline analogs (180-209) were synthesized and screened for α-amylase inhibitory potential. Thirteen analogs 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 201, 202, 204, 205, 206, 207 and 209 showed outstanding α-amylase activity with IC50 values ranges between (0.002 ± 0.60 to 42.31 ± 0.17 μM) which is many folds better than standard acarbose having IC50 value 53.02 ± 0.12 μM. Eleven analogs 190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, 200, 201, 202 and xxx 207 showed good to moderate inhibitory potential while seven analogs 187, 192, 195, 199, 200 and 208 were found inactive. In second series, 2-amino-thiadiazole based Schiff bases (211–219) were synthesized and screened for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. All compounds showed outstanding α-glucosidase inhibition ranging between 2.30 ± 0.1μM to 25.30 ± 0.5μM when compared with the standard inhibitor acarbose having IC50 value 39.60 ± 0.70μM. Among the series, analogs 211, 214, 216 and 217 showed potent α-glucosidase activity which was more active than standard acarbose. The remaining analogs also showed excellent α-glucosidase inhibition. In third chapter, a new class of exceptionally potent isatin based oxadiazole (88-117) has been synthesized and evaluated for thymidine phosphorylase inhibitory potential. All analogs showed potent thymidine phosphorylase inhibition when compared with standard 7-Deazaxanthine, 7DX (IC50 = 38.68 ± 1.12 μM). In chapter four, procedures for different biological assay are described.