Comparative Effect Of Tetrapack Juices And Fresh Fruit Juices On Blood Glucose Level Among Healthy Individuals Comparative Effect of Juices on Blood Glucose Level

Uses of tetra pack juices enhances the risk of diabetes and obesity. People were unaware of impact of fresh fruit juices on health. Objective: To compare the effect of tetra pack juices and fresh fruit juices on blood glucoselevels among healthy individuals Methods: 10 participants were selected using an internationalstandard Glycemic Index (GI) test protocol. After getting their fasting blood sample theywereinstructed to consume all the juice served in a period of 5 min. Further blood samples were takenat different intervals of time that is 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes after consumption. Participants wereremained sedentaryduring each session. Blood was obtained by finger-prick and tested by the glucometer. Results: The glycemic index of Apple juice Nestle has the glycemic index of 95.87, Orangejuice Nestle has the GI value 93.78, Apple juice fresh has the GI value of 92.17 and Orangejuice fresh has the glycemic index value of 99.07, respectively Conclusions: Detailed study of glycemic index of tetrapack juices (Nestle Apple and Orangejuice) and fresh fruit juices (Apple and Orange juice) showed similar impact on the blood glucose level of healthy individual. In the study, both types of juices were found to be equally hyperglycemic (GI 70+) causing a fast rise in blood-sugarlevels, hence should not be given to diabetic patients

Molecular and Biochemcial Characterization of Selected Wheat Landraces of Pakistan

Pakistani Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) germplasm consisting of 204 land races belonging to different parts of Pakistan were characterized for phenological pa rameters, disease resistance against stripe rust (Yr) and Karnal bunt (KB), seed struc ture and high molecular weight glutenin subunits. Only one landrace form Dir was re sistant to KB with less than 1% bunted grains. Four landraces were found to be resistant to Yr and moderately sensitive to KB. A positive correlation was found between tillers per plants, plant height, spikelet/spike, grain/spike, TKW and grain yield. Cluster anal ysis divided landraces into seven groups on the basis of morphological similarities. Not all landraces in a cluster belonged to the same geographical origin. A high throughput analysis based on digital imaging was carried out to find the association between grain size, shape and thousand kernel weight (TKW) in Pakistani wheat landraces using PCA and multiple regression. It was revealed that grain thickness has a maximum and direct effect on grain weight. Grain weight is less effected by horizontal area of seed. A total of forty-two different allelic combinations were found for HMW-GS. Higher frequency of Null and 2+12 were observed in this germplasm. The most frequent allelic combination was 2*, 17+18, 2+12 in 25 landraces. Allelic diversity at Glu-1 revealed that Glu-BI is the most diverse locus. Quality score ranged between 4-10, with 33 land races having the highest score of 10. xviii Functional markers were applied to detect various genes related to agronomic traits, quality and disease resistance. These markers have identified a large number of these landraces to have increased height, photoperiod insensitivity, spring habit, lower TKW, lower spike number and decreased yellow pigment content. Favourable alleles associated with drought resistance were present in higher frequencies. Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) was also conducted to understand the genetics of complex traits in these landraces. Awn length was found to be associated with genomic regions on 3B, 1D, 3D, 6A and 7A and plant height on 1D. Highest MTAs were detected for spike length on chromosome 1A, 1B, 2B, 2D, 4B, 5B, 6A, 6B, 7A and 3A. Grain per spike was found to be associated with four linked and one unlinked marker. Marker S2AL_U_919434 explained 22% of phenotypic variation and grain per spike was found to be associated with TKW.