جو دیپ پلکوں پہ دھر رہا تھا
وہ شب کا کشکول بھر رہا تھا
چہار سو نور تھا زمیں پر
کوئی فلک سے اتر رہا تھا
اُدھر بھی تو ایک زندگی ہے
وہ جی رہا ہے جو مر رہا تھا
ہوائے شب اشتعال میں تھی
چراغ جلنے سے ڈر رہا تھا
ہماری آنکھوں میں تشنگی تھی
کہ دل کا دریا اتر رہا تھا
سمیٹتا کیا وہ مجھ کو آ کر
جو خود ہی ہر پل بکھر رہا تھا
جو آ رہے ہیں شفیق آصف
میں یاد ان کو ہی کر تھا
Vaccines stability has a major role in the success of immunization programs and saves millions of lives every year. To stabilize vaccines cold chains are developed for storage and transport, as efficiency of vaccines is hampered if they are not kept under proper temperature. Aluminum is used for making vaccine thermostable. The development of vaccine formulation is a critical part of overall development cycle of approving, testing and producing new vaccines. However, Liquid vaccine formulation is still preferred over dry formulation because of ease in using, packaging and manufacturing. Other approaches have been used to make vaccine thermostable. This study demonstrates those processes, used to develop thermo-sensitive vaccines into thermostable vaccine and also describes vaccine formulation designing and use of heat shock protein including mHSP70 and mHSP65 to generate innate and adaptive immune response.
This thesis reports a study conducted in Northern Areas of Pakistan. The purpose of the study is to explore the WSIP experiences of a government and a private school head teacher. A qualitative case study method was used to investigate the subject matter. The participants were selected on the basis of pre-determined criteria that they have participated in WSIP intervention, worked for at least one year after completion of programme and successfully implemented their WSIP learning in their schools. The findings of the study showed that WSIP intervention has been instrumental in bringing about a significant effect on the professional approaches of head teachers. It was depicted in their attitudinal changes towards their roles and improvement in professional capabilities. By modifying their attitudes, they have realised the importance of community participation, team building approach and outcomes of encouraging teachers. They are sensitised towards students' learning and their developmental needs. To meet students' needs, they have brought about visible changes in their routine practices. They include initiation of portfolios, creation of learning environment in the classrooms which focuses on maximum students' participation and introduction of new assessment procedures. They have developed their professional capacities through improving presentation skills, observatory skills, motivational skills, and improvements in reflective practices. Since the role of head teacher is directly associated with all the stakeholders of a school community, and success of any initiation depends upon active involvement of head teacher, therefore the study recommends that this aspect must be given more attention to further strengthen the timely needed capabilities of head teachers. This ultimately can maximise students' performance through developed head teacher’s approaches for effective involvement of all the stakeholders in school improvement matters.