Immunization crisis may develop due to economic crisis during COVID-19 pandemic

COVID-19 pandemic is a global health crisis with 61, 149,391 confirmed cases and 370,478 deaths till 29May, 2020 [1]. This pandemic has shattered many economies with an estimated loss of $5.8 trillion to $8.8 trillion globally. This economic loss can result in reduction in funds to World Health Organization. Unfortunately, United States of America (USA) has announced termination of any further funding to WHO which can lead to another global health crisis[2]. As WHO is a voluntary funding based organization its main donor are America, China, Japan, Germany and United Kingdom. Among these USA is the main donor with a contribution of $115.8million alone followed by China $57.4 million, Japan $41million, Germany $29.1 million and UK $21.9 million [3].  America’s termination of funding can put WHO and child health programs in serious crisis. Among many programs run by WHO one of the most important program is immunization of children. Immunization coverage programs  save 2-3 million livesper year causing decline in measles related deaths, eradication of polio, surveillance of rotavirus, BCG and DTaP vaccination in children[4]. It is estimated that during MillenniumDevelopment Goal (MDG) there is overall decline in child related mortalities due to malaria, measles, diarrhea, AIDS and meningitis [5]. Remarkable results are achieved with measles are diarrhea immunization programs causing a decline in death rate by 73% and 80% respectively. According to a study with current success rate diarrhea related deaths can be virtually eliminated by 2030. Another successful program is “End Polio” program which eradicated polio from world except from Pakistan and Afghanistan [4][6]. This termination of funds to WHO can waste all previous efforts in developing countries. On the other hand despite of all efforts still 19.4 million children did not received prescribed dose of vaccines. Data analysis revealed among these  60% of children belong to 10 developing countries namelyAngola, Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines and Viet Nam [4]. These countries mainly rely on foreign funding and Non-Government Organization (NGOs) for child health care programs.

Adaptive Cross Layer Multi-Path Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are generally created for temporary scenarios. MANET nodes are mostly in mobility, where efficient routing is a challenging task. There are many applications of MANETs such as gaming, battle fields, habitat monitoring, file sharing etc. These applications have different requirement for example, gaming applications require higher bandwidth, security must be considered in battle field applications, informal outdoor meeting generally has no requirement except data transmission. These kinds of diverse applications emphasis research community to design adaptive and intelligent solutions for MANETs. In this thesis, we propose an Adaptive and Cross Layer Multi-Path Routing Protocol (AClMRP) for many challenging scenarios of MANET. Our routing mechanism operates keeping the type of application in view. For simple applications, it is inspired from traditional on-demand routing protocols by searching shortest routes from source to destination using default parameters. In case of multimedia applications, the AClMRP mechanism considers such routes which are capable to provide more data rates having less packet loss ratio. Those applications which need security, the AClMRP mechanism searches such routes which are more secure in nature as compared to others. Cross layer methodology is used in AClMRP routing scheme so that to exchange different parameters across the protocol stack for better decision making. Our approach is efficient and fault tolerant in a variety of scenarios we simulated and tested.