اسم ِ استفہامیہ :کم؟(کتنا)
ارشارِ ربانی ہے:
"كَمْ أَهْلَكْنَا مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ مِنْ قَرْنٍ فَنَادَوْا وَلَاتَ حِينَ مَنَاصٍ"۔ [[1]]
" کتنی ہی امتوں کو ہم (عذاب سے) ہلاک کر چکے ہیں سو انہوں نے (ہلاکت کے وقت) بڑی ہائے پکار کی اور وہ وقت خلاصی کا نہ تھا"۔
یعنی ان کو معلوم رہنا چاہیے کہ اسی غرور وتکبر کی بدولت انبیاء اللہ سے مقابلہ ٹھان کر بہت سی جماعتیں پہلے تباہ و برباد ہو چکی ہیں وہ لوگ بھی مدتوں پیغمبروں سے لڑتے رہے۔ پھر جب برا وقت آ پڑا اور عذاب الٰہی نے چاروں طرف سے گھیر لیا تو گھبرا کر شور مچانے اور خدا کو پکارنے لگے۔ مگر اس وقت فریاد کرنے سے کیا بنتا۔ خلاصی کا موقع گزر چکا تھا، اور وقت نہیں رہا تھا کہ ان کے شوروبکاء کی طرف توجہ کی جائے۔
Oleh Rizky Martha Oktavia Prodi Pendidikan Agama Islam, Pascasarjana, IAIN Surakarta rizkymarthaoktavia@gmail. Com Abstrak Kesuksesan pendidikan toleransi melalui pendidikan agama Islam dapat ditopang oleh komponen bahan ajar, misalnya buku “Senang Belajar Agama Islam dan Budi Pekerti” bagi Siswa Kelas IV dan V SD di Kab. Karanganyar. Permasalahannya, bagaimana analisis nilai-nilai toleransi dalam buku tersebut? Tujuan penelitian, yaitu menganalisis nilai-nilai toleransi dalam buku “Senang Belajar Agama Islam dan Budi Pekerti” bagi Siswa Kelas IV dan V SD di Kab. Karanganyar. Dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan jenis penelitian pustaka, data penelitian berupa nilai-nilai toleransi diperoleh dari sumber data buku dikumpulkan dengan studi dokumentasi. Keabsahannya diperiksa dengan teknik (1) triangulasi, (2) pengecekan anggota, (3) meningkatkan ketekunan, dan (4) kecukupan bahan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis isi ditemukan nilai-nilai toleransi, yakni 31 nilai toleransi, misalnya (1) tidak menertawakan cara beribadah umat beragama lain, (2) tidak membicarakan kekurangan agama umat beragama lain, (3) tidak mencela aturan beribadah umat beragama lain. Saran kepada penulis buku Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) SD, yakni perlu penyebaran nilai toleransi pada setiap bab; guru PAI dan siswa kelas IV dan V SD perlu membaca, bahkan menelusuri nilai toleransi agar dapat diajarkan berkelanjutan; siswa kelas IV dan V SD perlu membaca dan menerapkan nilai toleransi dalam buku dengan berkonsultasi pada orang tua dan guru yang membinanya; kepala SD dapat menjadikan sebaran nilai-nilai toleransi sebagai panduan untuk memilih, menentukan, dan merancang kegiataan sosial kemasyarakatan di sekolah untuk melatih kepekaan siswa menjadi generasi yang toleran. Kata-kata Kunci: nilai toleransi, budi pekerti, pendidikan agama Islam
Mobile ad hoc network is new paradigm in communication networks. Unlike wired or internet, these are wireless networks consisting of mobile nodes which are rapidly deployable and self organizing in nature. Communication between network nodes takes place through scarce wireless channels. Each node is capable of relaying the traffic of other nodes, so called multi hop network. The rising popularity and commercial usage of MANETs demands support for Quality of Service in such networks to work effectively. Supporting QoS in such ad hoc environments has been broadly accepted as a tricky problem due to particular uniqueness of these networks such as dynamics of the environment, node mobility, and improbability of availability of resources. Active research is underway in the area of providing quality of service in mobile ad hoc networks but work is still considered in its nascent stage, which can broadly be categorized in two main streams. One deals with proposing extensions in already proposed best effort routing protocols, while other is dedicated towards developing purpose built QoS aware routing protocols based on conventional routing approaches. Both of these strategies are unable to offer a mature solution for dynamics of MANET environment. Recent research in swarm intelligence has revealed matching properties between the routing requirements of communication networks and certain tasks that exist in social vinsect colonies. Research community has proposed promising solutions for routing in dynamic ad hoc networks on the basis of these swarm intelligence principles. In this thesis, in the first stage, simulation has been carried out for performance evaluation of two leading MANET routing protocols to emphasize the ineffectiveness of conventional routing techniques. In the second stage, a novel QoS provisioning scheme called Ants Inspired Traffic Classification in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks has been developed which is based on Swarm intelligence obtained through stigmergy process found in nature like ant colony. Most of the conventional routing approaches heavily rely on feedback from other layers while this approach is layer independent in nature. Service classes are made available through the proposed solution in order to serve according to priority of the traffic. The solution uses an adaptive approach giving alternate QoS supporting paths, which are instantly made available in case of degraded performance that often happens in dynamic environment of MANET. Redundant routes often appear in MANET’s dynamic environment and remain present in routing tables thus increasing overheads. The proposed solution addresses this issue through evaporation property of Pheromone in Swarm Intelligence. In our case, the most important parameter of QoS is considered in terms of Bandwidth. Our SI based protocol defines traffic paths in the network of various classes belonging to different range of bandwidths.