تمهيد
الحمد لله سبحانہ وتعالیٰ وأصلي علی حبیبہ ورسولہ وخاتم الأنبیاء والمرسلین وبعد:
أقدم ھذا الکتاب الذي هو نتیجۃ تعبي وجھدي ومثابرتي وإرشادات أساتذتي ،لقُراء وأُدباء اللغۃ العربیۃ کي یکون مرجعاً مفیداً لھم في أبحاثھم في الشعر العربي أو الشعر الأردو، فإنني بحثت عن شعراء العصر الجدید في الدول العربیۃ وشعراء العصر الحديث في الباکستان في مختلف اللغات وخاصۃ في الأدب الأردو ، فھناک شخصیتان معروفتان وامرأتان عظیمتان وشاعرتان بارعتان لفتتا انتباھي وأعجبني أسلوبھما وأفکارھما ومھارتھما في صناعۃ الأفکار الجدیدۃ من المعاني القدیمۃ؛ إحداها عراقية عربية اللغة وهي ( نازك الملائكة) والثانية باكستانية أُردية اللغة وهي ( بروين شاكر)، فبذلک قمت بالمقارنۃ بین شعراء العرب وشعراء الباکستان، ثم قمت بالمقارنۃ بین نازک الملائکۃ وبروین شاکر منذ ولادتھما إلی وفاتھما في جمیع النواحي وفي کل الأمور وخاصۃً- وھو الأھم- قمت بالمقارنة بین أشعارھما وقصائدھما بشکل مجمل مفھوم بسيط دون التدقیق في البلاغۃ والنقد. ومن خلال بحثي اكتشفتُ الكثير من أسرار حياتِهما والكثير من أفكارهما الفلسفية والعلاقات الرومانتيكية، وأحوال الحياة من أفراح وأحزان ومتاعب ومصائب الأيام، وھُنا لم أدع بأنني بلغتُ الکمال في علمي وبحثي فالکمال لِله وحدہُ سبحانہُ وتعالیٰ لا شریک لہ، وأدعو المولی عز وجلّ أن یجعل ھذا العمل خالصاً لوجہ الکریم، وأن یوفقني لإتمام ھذا الكتاب علی أکمل وجہ قدر المستطاع۔
وما توفیقي إلا باﷲ وھو ولي التوفیق۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔
الكاتبة
دكتورة: مکية نبي بخش
Psychomotor assessment is characterized by the presence of physical activity and performance skills by students. Unlike the students 'cognitive assessment, psychomotor assessment is based on the actualization and implementation of students' understanding of the various subject matter that has been obtained in the classroom. In some of the subject matter, psychomotor assessment determines the success of a lesson. This article is a literature research. This article aims to find students' psychomotor assessment format in Islamic Religious Education subject matter. The results of this study conclude that the assessment of the success of learners is not only determined from the cognitive aspects, but also from the affective and psychomotor aspects. Standard psychomotor assessment is made different from the cognitive assessment, that is by way of describing the test scores. Psychomotor assessment should be held by direct observation of learners, can not only practiced by written tests.
Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) is the most destructive virus which causes severe yield losses in mungbean and transmitted by whitefly. MYMV was present in the major mungbean cultivated areas of Punjab which greatly affect the mungbean production and is a major constraint in mungbean low yield. A mungbean germplasm collection consisting of 127 genotypes were screened against MYMV. Only three genotypes viz., NM2011, NM2006 and AZRI-06 showed resistance response during both years. Three lines 07007, 98001 and 014322 were identified with moderately resistance response against MYMV. These should be included in future breeding program. Results of molecular characterization showed that genotypes differ in their genetic makeup as well as in field response against MYMV. During RAPD analysis minimum similarity was shown for genotypes 8008 and Azri-06, while the maximum similarity was shown for genotype NM-54 with NM-92. In SSR analysis, minimum similarity was shown for genotypes 8008 and Azri-06, while the maximum similarity was shown by genotypes NM-54 and NM-92. SCAR markers linked with MYMV resistance gene produced the desired amplification in resistant and moderately resistant genotypes and no bands were observed in highly susceptible genotypes. Environmental factors were significantly correlated with disease development, maximum temperature, wind speed were negatively correlated with disease incidence and minimum temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and whitefly population showed positive correlation with disease incidence. Regression analysis depicted that 83% of the disease variability was due to maximum, minimum temperatures, rainfall, relative humidity and wind speed. For the management of MYMV disease maximum control was achieved by use of imidacloprid, followed by combination of macro and micro nutrients (NPK, Fe,Zn,B), minimum control of disease was achieved by garlic. For the control of whitefly population, again imidacloprid gave the best results, followed by acetamiprid. The results of the present study could be used for future mungbean breeding program and genotypes that gave tolerant response could be recommended to farmers with application of imidacloprid followed by macro and micro nutrients in order to avoid the heavy losses caused by MYMV.